Learning to Paraphrase Sentences to Different Complexity Levels
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Abstract (arXiv)
While sentence simplification is an active research topic in NLP, its adjacent tasks of sentence complexification and same-level paraphrasing are not. To train models on all three tasks, we present two new unsupervised datasets. We compare these datasets, one labeled by a weak classifier and the other by a rule-based approach, with a single supervised dataset. Using these three datasets for training, we perform extensive experiments on both multitasking and prompting strategies. Compared to other systems trained on unsupervised parallel data, models trained on our weak classifier labeled dataset achieve state-of-the-art performance on the ASSET simplification benchmark. Our models also outperform previous work on sentence level targeting. Finally, we establish how a handful of Large Language Models perform on these tasks under a zero-shot setting.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 42 of its 90 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Aug 2023.
Builds on
42 of 90 references.
References · 42
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30 more
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 5; 2025: 5.
11 papers.
- 2023Generating Summaries with Controllable Readability Levelscited by 24
- 2024Analysing Zero-Shot Readability-Controlled Sentence Simplificationcited by 12
- 2024An LLM-Enhanced Adversarial Editing System for Lexical Simplificationcited by 5
- 2024Label Confidence Weighted Learning for Target-level Sentence Simplificationcited by 3
- 2025Aligning Sentence Simplification with ESL Learner's Proficiency for Language Acquisitioncited by 3
- 2025German4All -- A Dataset and Model for Readability-Controlled Paraphrasing in Germancited by 2
- 2025RephQA: Evaluating Readability of Large Language Models in Public Health Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2024Conversations as a Source for Teaching Scientific Concepts at Different Education Levelscited by 1
- 2024Readability-guided Idiom-aware Sentence Simplification (RISS) for Chinesecited by 1
- 2025SymLoc: Symbolic Localization of Hallucination across HaluEval and TruthfulQAcited by 1
- 2025OUNLP at TSAR 2025 Shared Task: Multi-Round Text Simplifier via Code Generationcited by 0
- 2025SymLoc: Symbolic Localization of Hallucination across HaluEval and TruthfulQA18 Nov 2025
- 2025OUNLP at TSAR 2025 Shared Task: Multi-Round Text Simplifier via Code Generation6 Nov 2025
- 2025RephQA: Evaluating Readability of Large Language Models in Public Health Question Answering19 Sep 2025
- 2025German4All -- A Dataset and Model for Readability-Controlled Paraphrasing in German25 Aug 2025
- 2025Aligning Sentence Simplification with ESL Learner's Proficiency for Language Acquisition17 Feb 2025
- 2024Label Confidence Weighted Learning for Target-level Sentence Simplification8 Oct 2024
- 2024Analysing Zero-Shot Readability-Controlled Sentence Simplification30 Sep 2024
- 2024Readability-guided Idiom-aware Sentence Simplification (RISS) for Chinese5 Jun 2024
- 2024Conversations as a Source for Teaching Scientific Concepts at Different Education Levels16 Apr 2024
- 2024An LLM-Enhanced Adversarial Editing System for Lexical Simplification22 Feb 2024
- 2023Generating Summaries with Controllable Readability Levels16 Oct 2023