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Sentence Simplification with Deep Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 1703.10931 ↗First posted 31 Mar 2017cs.CL cs.LGcited by 109

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Abstract (arXiv)

Sentence simplification aims to make sentences easier to read and understand. Most recent approaches draw on insights from machine translation to learn simplification rewrites from monolingual corpora of complex and simple sentences. We address the simplification problem with an encoder-decoder model coupled with a deep reinforcement learning framework. Our model, which we call sc Dress (as shorthand for bf Deep bf REinforcement bf Sentence bf Simplification), explores the space of possible simplifications while learning to optimize a reward function that encourages outputs which are simple, fluent, and preserve the meaning of the input. Experiments on three datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms competitive simplification systems.

Key facts. Cited by 109 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 31 Mar 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 28; 2023: 28; 2024: 19; 2025: 13; 2026: 7.

109 papers.

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  1. 2022CATER: Intellectual Property Protection on Text Generation APIs via Conditional Watermarkscited by 76
  2. 2023CoEdIT: Text Editing by Task-Specific Instruction Tuningcited by 68
  3. 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplificationcited by 54
  4. 2021Paragraph-level Simplification of Medical Textscited by 53
  5. 2023Learning to Generate Better Than Your LLMcited by 49
  6. 2021Keep it Simple: Unsupervised Simplification of Multi-Paragraph Textcited by 45
  7. 2023BLESS: Benchmarking Large Language Models on Sentence Simplificationcited by 35
  8. 2022Evaluating Factuality in Text Simplificationcited by 34
  9. 2022Inducing Positive Perspectives with Text Reframingcited by 31
  10. 2022CEFR-Based Sentence Difficulty Annotation and Assessmentcited by 28
  11. 2021Text Simplification by Taggingcited by 27
  12. 2021Document-Level Text Simplification: Dataset, Criteria and Baselinecited by 27
38 more
  1. 2023Revisiting non-English Text Simplification: A Unified Multilingual Benchmarkcited by 27
  2. 2021Control Prefixes for Parameter-Efficient Text Generationcited by 24
  3. 2022On the Ethical Considerations of Text Simplificationcited by 20
  4. 2022Improving Iterative Text Revision by Learning Where to Edit from Other Revision Taskscited by 20
  5. 2023SPEC5G: A Dataset for 5G Cellular Network Protocol Analysiscited by 20
  6. 2022Multitasking Framework for Unsupervised Simple Definition Generationcited by 18
  7. 2022Text Revision by On-the-Fly Representation Optimizationcited by 17
  8. 2021Neural semi-Markov CRF for Monolingual Word Alignmentcited by 16
  9. 2023Med-EASi: Finely Annotated Dataset and Models for Controllable Simplification of Medical Textscited by 16
  10. 2023Do Text Simplification Systems Preserve Meaning? A Human Evaluation via Reading Comprehensioncited by 16
  11. 2021Generating Fluent Fact Checking Explanations with Unsupervised Post-Editingcited by 15
  12. 2023Sentence Simplification via Large Language Modelscited by 15
  13. 2023Dancing Between Success and Failure: Edit-level Simplification Evaluation using SALSAcited by 15
  14. 2021An Unsupervised Method for Building Sentence Simplification Corpora in Multiple Languagescited by 14
  15. 2023Controlling Pre-trained Language Models for Grade-Specific Text Simplificationcited by 14
  16. 2023Multilingual Simplification of Medical Textscited by 13
  17. 2024mEdIT: Multilingual Text Editing via Instruction Tuningcited by 13
  18. 2021IGA : An Intent-Guided Authoring Assistantcited by 12
  19. 2023SWiPE: A Dataset for Document-Level Simplification of Wikipedia Pagescited by 12
  20. 2023Learning to Paraphrase Sentences to Different Complexity Levelscited by 11
  21. 2023Reinforcement Learning for Generative AI: A Surveycited by 11
  22. 2025Teaching Large Language Models to Maintain Contextual Faithfulness via Synthetic Tasks and Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
  23. 2022PETCI: A Parallel English Translation Dataset of Chinese Idiomscited by 10
  24. 2022A New Aligned Simple German Corpuscited by 10
  25. 2023Teaching the Pre-trained Model to Generate Simple Texts for Text Simplificationcited by 10
  26. 2021How May I Help You? Using Neural Text Simplification to Improve Downstream NLP Taskscited by 9
  27. 2024The SAMER Arabic Text Simplification Corpuscited by 9
  28. 2023Investigating Large Language Models and Control Mechanisms to Improve Text Readability of Biomedical Abstractscited by 8
  29. 2022Efficient Reinforcement Learning for Unsupervised Controlled Text Generationcited by 7
  30. 2024A Survey of Automatic Hallucination Evaluation on Natural Language Generationcited by 7
  31. 2024An Open Multilingual System for Scoring Readability of Wikipediacited by 7
  32. 2022GRS: Combining Generation and Revision in Unsupervised Sentence Simplificationcited by 6
  33. 2025Opportunities and Challenges of LLMs in Education: An NLP Perspectivecited by 6
  34. 2021ABCD: A Graph Framework to Convert Complex Sentences to a Covering Set of Simple Sentencescited by 5
  35. 2021Investigating Text Simplification Evaluationcited by 5
  36. 2021From Theories on Styles to their Transfer in Text: Bridging the Gap with a Hierarchical Surveycited by 5
  37. 2023Exploiting Summarization Data to Help Text Simplificationcited by 5
  38. 2023Reducing Sequence Length by Predicting Edit Operations with Large Language Modelscited by 5

50 most cited of 109 All 109 (JSON)