Investigating Text Simplification Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Modern text simplification (TS) heavily relies on the availability of gold standard data to build machine learning models. However, existing studies show that parallel TS corpora contain inaccurate simplifications and incorrect alignments. Additionally, evaluation is usually performed by using metrics such as BLEU or SARI to compare system output to the gold standard. A major limitation is that these metrics do not match human judgements and the performance on different datasets and linguistic phenomena vary greatly. Furthermore, our research shows that the test and training subsets of parallel datasets differ significantly. In this work, we investigate existing TS corpora, providing new insights that will motivate the improvement of existing state-of-the-art TS evaluation methods. Our contributions include the analysis of TS corpora based on existing modifications used for simplification and an empirical study on TS models performance by using better-distributed datasets. We demonstrate that by improving the distribution of TS datasets, we can build more robust TS models.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Jul 2021.
Builds on
13 of 31 references.
References · 13
- 2017Sentence Simplification with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 109
- 2020Neural CRF Model for Sentence Alignment in Text Simplificationcited by 106
- 2020ASSET: A Dataset for Tuning and Evaluation of Sentence Simplification Models with Multiple Rewriting Transformationscited by 101
- 2018BLEU is Not Suitable for the Evaluation of Text Simplificationcited by 78
- 2019EditNTS: An Neural Programmer-Interpreter Model for Sentence Simplification through Explicit Editingcited by 63
- 2019Identification of Tasks, Datasets, Evaluation Metrics, and Numeric Scores for Scientific Leaderboards Constructioncited by 50
- 2020Expertise Style Transfer: A New Task Towards Better Communication between Experts and Laymencited by 45
- 2018Unsupervised Neural Text Simplificationcited by 29
- 2018Integrating Transformer and Paraphrase Rules for Sentence Simplificationcited by 29
- 2020Curious Case of Language Generation Evaluation Metrics: A Cautionary Talecited by 28
- 2018Dynamic Multi-Level Multi-Task Learning for Sentence Simplificationcited by 25
- 2018Sentence Simplification with Memory-Augmented Neural Networkscited by 10
1 more
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 0; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
5 papers.
- 2023BLESS: Benchmarking Large Language Models on Sentence Simplificationcited by 35
- 2023Revisiting non-English Text Simplification: A Unified Multilingual Benchmarkcited by 27
- 2025Opportunities and Challenges of LLMs in Education: An NLP Perspectivecited by 6
- 2026Taming CATS: Controllable Automatic Text Simplification through Instruction Fine-Tuning with Control Tokenscited by 0
- 2026Reinforcement Learning for improving Large Language Models' Catalan text simplification capabilitiescited by 0
- 2026Reinforcement Learning for improving Large Language Models' Catalan text simplification capabilities4 Sep 2026
- 2026Taming CATS: Controllable Automatic Text Simplification through Instruction Fine-Tuning with Control Tokens2 Apr 2026
- 2025Opportunities and Challenges of LLMs in Education: An NLP Perspective30 Jul 2025
- 2023BLESS: Benchmarking Large Language Models on Sentence Simplification24 Oct 2023
- 2023Revisiting non-English Text Simplification: A Unified Multilingual Benchmark25 May 2023