mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Comprehensive Survey on Knowledge Distillation of Diffusion Models

arXiv 2304.04262 ↗First posted 9 Apr 2023cs.LGcited by 45

On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling

Abstract (arXiv)

Diffusion Models (DMs), also referred to as score-based diffusion models, utilize neural networks to specify score functions. Unlike most other probabilistic models, DMs directly model the score functions, which makes them more flexible to parametrize and potentially highly expressive for probabilistic modeling. DMs can learn fine-grained knowledge, i.e., marginal score functions, of the underlying distribution. Therefore, a crucial research direction is to explore how to distill the knowledge of DMs and fully utilize their potential. Our objective is to provide a comprehensible overview of the modern approaches for distilling DMs, starting with an introduction to DMs and a discussion of the challenges involved in distilling them into neural vector fields. We also provide an overview of the existing works on distilling DMs into both stochastic and deterministic implicit generators. Finally, we review the accelerated diffusion sampling algorithms as a training-free method for distillation. Our tutorial is intended for individuals with a basic understanding of generative models who wish to apply DM's distillation or embark on a research project in this field.

Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 60 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2023.

Builds on

60 of 74 references.

Closest ancestors · 27

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Consistency Models2 Mar
  2. 2023UniPC: A Unified Predictor-Corrector Framework for Fast Sampling of Diffusion Models9 Feb
  3. 2023Optimizing DDPM Sampling with Shortcut Fine-Tuning31 Jan
  4. 2023ERA-Solver: Error-Robust Adams Solver for Fast Sampling of Diffusion Probabilistic Models30 Jan
  5. 2023Minimizing Trajectory Curvature of ODE-based Generative Models27 Jan
  6. 2023Accelerating Guided Diffusion Sampling with Splitting Numerical Methods27 Jan
  7. 2023Fast Inference in Denoising Diffusion Models via MMD Finetuning19 Jan
  8. 2022Refining Generative Process with Discriminator Guidance in Score-based Diffusion Models28 Nov
  9. 2022Fast Sampling of Diffusion Models via Operator Learning24 Nov
  10. 2022Accelerating Diffusion Sampling with Classifier-based Feature Distillation22 Nov
  11. 2022DPM-Solver++: Fast Solver for Guided Sampling of Diffusion Probabilistic Models2 Nov
  12. 2022On Distillation of Guided Diffusion Models6 Oct
15 more
  1. 2022Estimating the Optimal Covariance with Imperfect Mean in Diffusion Probabilistic Models15 Jun
  2. 2022DPM-Solver: A Fast ODE Solver for Diffusion Probabilistic Model Sampling in Around 10 Steps2 Jun
  3. 2022Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Models1 Jun
  4. 2022Fast Sampling of Diffusion Models with Exponential Integrator29 Apr
  5. 2022Pseudo Numerical Methods for Diffusion Models on Manifolds20 Feb
  6. 2022Learning Fast Samplers for Diffusion Models by Differentiating Through Sample Quality11 Feb
  7. 2022Analytic-DPM: an Analytic Estimate of the Optimal Reverse Variance in Diffusion Probabilistic Models17 Jan
  8. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models20 Dec
  9. 2021Gotta Go Fast When Generating Data with Score-Based Models28 May
  10. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis11 May
  11. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models18 Feb
  12. 2021Knowledge Distillation in Iterative Generative Models for Improved Sampling Speed7 Jan
  13. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equations26 Nov
  14. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models6 Oct
  15. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models19 Jun

Other references · 33

  1. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
  2. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  3. 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,691
  4. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  5. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
  6. 2020Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attentioncited by 4,560
  7. 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,067
  8. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
  9. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  10. 2022Flow Straight and Fast: Learning to Generate and Transfer Data with Rectified Flowcited by 3,550
  11. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  12. 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
21 more
  1. 2022Video Diffusion Modelscited by 2,280
  2. 2022Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creationcited by 1,285
  3. 2022Building Normalizing Flows with Stochastic Interpolantscited by 964
  4. 2016Pixel Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 814
  5. 2022Equivariant Diffusion for Molecule Generation in 3Dcited by 666
  6. 2020WaveGrad: Estimating Gradients for Waveform Generationcited by 620
  7. 2022Score Jacobian Chaining: Lifting Pretrained 2D Diffusion Models for 3D Generationcited by 597
  8. 2013Generating Sequences With Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 549
  9. 2021Label-Efficient Semantic Segmentation with Diffusion Modelscited by 495
  10. 2019Sliced Score Matching: A Scalable Approach to Density and Score Estimationcited by 381
  11. 2017Parallel WaveNet: Fast High-Fidelity Speech Synthesiscited by 214
  12. 2023Text-To-4D Dynamic Scene Generationcited by 204
  13. 2023Dreamix: Video Diffusion Models are General Video Editorscited by 189
  14. 2016Exploring the Limits of Language Modelingcited by 172
  15. 2022NeRDi: Single-View NeRF Synthesis with Language-Guided Diffusion as General Image Priorscited by 156
  16. 2022NeuralLift-360: Lifting An In-the-wild 2D Photo to A 3D Object with 360deg Viewscited by 148
  17. 2022ProDiff: Progressive Fast Diffusion Model For High-Quality Text-to-Speechcited by 147
  18. 2022Fast Point Cloud Generation with Straight Flowscited by 56
  19. 2020Efficient Learning of Generative Models via Finite-Difference Score Matchingcited by 49
  20. 2013Langevin diffusions and the Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithmcited by 29
  21. 2023Self-Consistent Velocity Matching of Probability Flowscited by 17

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 20; 2025: 14; 2026: 7.

45 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2024One Step Diffusion via Shortcut Modelscited by 373
  2. 2023Diff-Instruct: A Universal Approach for Transferring Knowledge From Pre-trained Diffusion Modelscited by 232
  3. 2024Consistency Flow Matching: Defining Straight Flows with Velocity Consistencycited by 101
  4. 2024Beyond Autoregression: Fast LLMs via Self-Distillation Through Timecited by 73
  5. 2024One-Step Diffusion Distillation through Score Implicit Matchingcited by 68
  6. 2023On the Design Fundamentals of Diffusion Models: A Surveycited by 59
  7. 2023Enhancing Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Tutorial on Generative Diffusion Models in Network Optimizationcited by 56
  8. 2025Efficient Diffusion Models: A Surveycited by 35
  9. 2025MoFlow: One-Step Flow Matching for Human Trajectory Forecasting via Implicit Maximum Likelihood Estimation based Distillationcited by 31
  10. 2024Diff-Instruct++: Training One-step Text-to-image Generator Model to Align with Human Preferencescited by 30
  11. 2025Accelerated Diffusion Models via Speculative Samplingcited by 30
  12. 2024Schedule On the Fly: Diffusion Time Prediction for Faster and Better Image Generationcited by 29
33 more
  1. 2024Flow Generator Matchingcited by 26
  2. 2025Distributional Diffusion Models with Scoring Rulescited by 25
  3. 2024FlashSpeech: Efficient Zero-Shot Speech Synthesiscited by 22
  4. 2025Dual-Expert Consistency Model for Efficient and High-Quality Video Generationcited by 21
  5. 2025Reward-Instruct: A Reward-Centric Approach to Fast Photo-Realistic Image Generationcited by 19
  6. 2023DreaMR: Diffusion-driven Counterfactual Explanation for Functional MRIcited by 14
  7. 2025A Survey on Diffusion Models for Anomaly Detectioncited by 13
  8. 2025Uni-Instruct: One-step Diffusion Model through Unified Diffusion Divergence Instructioncited by 13
  9. 2024Integrating Amortized Inference with Diffusion Models for Learning Clean Distribution from Corrupted Imagescited by 12
  10. 2024BinaryDM: Accurate Weight Binarization for Efficient Diffusion Modelscited by 11
  11. 2024BiDM: Pushing the Limit of Quantization for Diffusion Modelscited by 11
  12. 2024Variational Schr"odinger Diffusion Modelscited by 9
  13. 2024Applications of Knowledge Distillation in Remote Sensing: A Surveycited by 8
  14. 2024David and Goliath: Small One-step Model Beats Large Diffusion with Score Post-trainingcited by 8
  15. 2025Two-Steps Diffusion Policy for Robotic Manipulation via Genetic Denoisingcited by 7
  16. 2026TDM-R1: Reinforcing Few-Step Diffusion Models with Non-Differentiable Rewardcited by 7
  17. 2024StyleTTS-ZS: Efficient High-Quality Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Synthesis with Distilled Time-Varying Style Diffusioncited by 6
  18. 2024LS-GAN: Human Motion Synthesis with Latent-space GANscited by 5
  19. 2025A Survey on Pre-Trained Diffusion Model Distillationscited by 5
  20. 2024To Distill or Not to Distill? On the Robustness of Robust Knowledge Distillationcited by 4
  21. 2024Grounded Compositional and Diverse Text-to-3D with Pretrained Multi-View Diffusion Modelcited by 3
  22. 2025Distilling LLM Prior to Flow Model for Generalizable Agent's Imagination in Object Goal Navigationcited by 3
  23. 2024Subtractive Training for Music Stem Insertion using Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 2
  24. 2026DriftXpress: Faster Drifting Models via Projected RKHS Fieldscited by 2
  25. 2026Accelerating Speculative Diffusions via Block Verificationcited by 2
  26. 2025Dive3D: Diverse Distillation-based Text-to-3D Generation via Score Implicit Matchingcited by 1
  27. 2026Diff-Instruct with Diffused Reward: Towards Principled One-step Generator RLcited by 1
  28. 2024LogicalDefender: Discovering, Extracting, and Utilizing Common-Sense Knowledgecited by 0
  29. 2025Collaborative-Distilled Diffusion Models (CDDM) for Accelerated and Lightweight Trajectory Predictioncited by 0
  30. 2025Masked Auto-Regressive Variational Acceleration: Fast Inference Makes Practical Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  31. 2026Progressive Refinement Regulation for Accelerating Diffusion Language Model Decodingcited by 0
  32. 2026Unbiased Diffusion Variational Inversion via Principled Posterior Matchingcited by 0
  33. 2026Optimal Self-Distillation for Rectified Flow via Linear Probingcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024DKDM: Data-Free Knowledge Distillation for Diffusion Models with Any Architecture
  2. 2024Accelerating Diffusion Models with One-to-Many Knowledge Distillation
  3. 2026From Score Learning to Discretized Sampling: An End-to-End Generalization Analysis of Diffusion Models
  4. 2025DiffRatio: Training One-Step Diffusion Models Without Teacher Supervision
  5. 2024An overview of diffusion models for generative artificial intelligence
  6. 2024Towards Faster Training of Diffusion Models: An Inspiration of A Consistency Phenomenon
  7. 2025Sparse-to-Sparse Training of Diffusion Models
  8. 2025Target Concrete Score Matching: A Holistic Framework for Discrete Diffusion