DeepWriting: Making Digital Ink Editable via Deep Generative Modeling
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Abstract (arXiv)
Digital ink promises to combine the flexibility and aesthetics of handwriting and the ability to process, search and edit digital text. Character recognition converts handwritten text into a digital representation, albeit at the cost of losing personalized appearance due to the technical difficulties of separating the interwoven components of content and style. In this paper, we propose a novel generative neural network architecture that is capable of disentangling style from content and thus making digital ink editable. Our model can synthesize arbitrary text, while giving users control over the visual appearance (style). For example, allowing for style transfer without changing the content, editing of digital ink at the word level and other application scenarios such as spell-checking and correction of handwritten text. We furthermore contribute a new dataset of handwritten text with fine-grained annotations at the character level and report results from an initial user evaluation.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Jan 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2020: 1; 2021: 5; 2022: 3; 2023: 6; 2024: 9; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.
39 papers.
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- 2021Handwriting Transformerscited by 37
- 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generationcited by 35
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
- 2021MetaHTR: Towards Writer-Adaptive Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 27
- 2020Diffusion models for Handwriting Generationcited by 25
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
- 2021SmartPatch: Improving Handwritten Word Imitation with Patch Discriminatorscited by 17
- 2024SketchINR: A First Look into Sketches as Implicit Neural Representationscited by 13
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
- 2021Style Equalization: Unsupervised Learning of Controllable Generative Sequence Modelscited by 11
- 2023AniFaceDrawing: Anime Portrait Exploration during Your Sketchingcited by 7
27 more
- 2024Representing Online Handwriting for Recognition in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generationcited by 7
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 6
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2026Beyond Human Annotation: Recent Advances in Data Generation Methods for Document Intelligencecited by 4
- 2023Character Queries: A Transformer-based Approach to On-Line Handwritten Character Segmentationcited by 3
- 2024Survey of User Interface Design and Interaction Techniques in Generative AI Applicationscited by 3
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliablecited by 3
- 2023DSS: Synthesizing long Digital Ink using Data augmentation, Style encoding and Split generationcited by 2
- 2024InkSight: Offline-to-Online Handwriting Conversion by Teaching Vision-Language Models to Read and Writecited by 2
- 2025InkFM: A Foundational Model for Full-Page Online Handwritten Note Understandingcited by 2
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniquescited by 2
- 2025TrInk: Ink Generation with Transformer Networkcited by 2
- 2021Data Incubation -- Synthesizing Missing Data for Handwriting Recognitioncited by 1
- 2022Inkorrect: Online Handwriting Spelling Correctioncited by 1
- 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generatorcited by 1
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
- 2022LiP-Flow: Learning Inference-time Priors for Codec Avatars via Normalizing Flows in Latent Spacecited by 0
- 2023Sampling and Ranking for Digital Ink Generation on a tight computational budgetcited by 0
- 2024Design and Development of a Framework For Stroke-Based Handwritten Gujarati Font Generationcited by 0
- 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Modelcited by 0
- 2025ScriptViT: Vision Transformer-Based Personalized Handwriting Generationcited by 0
- 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 0
- 2026Telling Human and Machine Handwriting Apartcited by 0
- 2026ScribeTokens: Fixed-Vocabulary Tokenization of Digital Inkcited by 0
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operationcited by 0
- 2026Bridging Online and Offline Handwriting via Differentiable Physical Renderingcited by 0
- 2026Bridging Online and Offline Handwriting via Differentiable Physical Rendering4 Aug 2026
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operation8 Jul 2026
- 2026ScribeTokens: Fixed-Vocabulary Tokenization of Digital Ink3 Mar 2026
- 2026Beyond Human Annotation: Recent Advances in Data Generation Methods for Document Intelligence18 Jan 2026
- 2026Telling Human and Machine Handwriting Apart16 Jan 2026
- 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networks25 Dec 2025
- 2025ScriptViT: Vision Transformer-Based Personalized Handwriting Generation23 Nov 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliable27 Oct 2025
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generation28 Sep 2025
- 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Model19 Sep 2025
- 2025TrInk: Ink Generation with Transformer Network28 Aug 2025
- 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generator28 Aug 2025
27 more
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniques8 Jul 2025
- 2025InkFM: A Foundational Model for Full-Page Online Handwritten Note Understanding29 Mar 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressive21 Mar 2025
- 2024Survey of User Interface Design and Interaction Techniques in Generative AI Applications28 Oct 2024
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generation3 Oct 2024
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generation6 Sep 2024
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Models1 Sep 2024
- 2024Design and Development of a Framework For Stroke-Based Handwritten Gujarati Font Generation4 Apr 2024
- 2024SketchINR: A First Look into Sketches as Implicit Neural Representations14 Mar 2024
- 2024Representing Online Handwriting for Recognition in Large Vision-Language Models23 Feb 2024
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generation16 Feb 2024
- 2024InkSight: Offline-to-Online Handwriting Conversion by Teaching Vision-Language Models to Read and Write8 Feb 2024
- 2023DSS: Synthesizing long Digital Ink using Data augmentation, Style encoding and Split generation29 Nov 2023
- 2023Character Queries: A Transformer-based Approach to On-Line Handwritten Character Segmentation6 Sep 2023
- 2023AniFaceDrawing: Anime Portrait Exploration during Your Sketching13 Jun 2023
- 2023Sampling and Ranking for Digital Ink Generation on a tight computational budget2 Jun 2023
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypes27 Mar 2023
- 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generation26 Mar 2023
- 2022LiP-Flow: Learning Inference-time Priors for Codec Avatars via Normalizing Flows in Latent Space15 Mar 2022
- 2022Inkorrect: Online Handwriting Spelling Correction28 Feb 2022
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognition16 Feb 2022
- 2021Data Incubation -- Synthesizing Missing Data for Handwriting Recognition13 Oct 2021
- 2021Style Equalization: Unsupervised Learning of Controllable Generative Sequence Models6 Oct 2021
- 2021SmartPatch: Improving Handwritten Word Imitation with Patch Discriminators21 May 2021
- 2021Handwriting Transformers8 Apr 2021
- 2021MetaHTR: Towards Writer-Adaptive Handwritten Text Recognition5 Apr 2021
- 2020Diffusion models for Handwriting Generation13 Nov 2020
- 2020Diffusion models for Handwriting Generationcited by 25
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
- 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Modelcited by 0
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generation28 Sep 2025
- 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Model19 Sep 2025
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Models1 Sep 2024
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generation16 Feb 2024
- 2020Diffusion models for Handwriting Generation13 Nov 2020
- 2021Handwriting Transformerscited by 37
- 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generationcited by 35
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
- 2021MetaHTR: Towards Writer-Adaptive Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 27
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
- 2021SmartPatch: Improving Handwritten Word Imitation with Patch Discriminatorscited by 17
- 2024SketchINR: A First Look into Sketches as Implicit Neural Representationscited by 13
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
- 2021Style Equalization: Unsupervised Learning of Controllable Generative Sequence Modelscited by 11
- 2023AniFaceDrawing: Anime Portrait Exploration during Your Sketchingcited by 7
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generationcited by 7
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 6
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2026Bridging Online and Offline Handwriting via Differentiable Physical Rendering4 Aug 2026
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operation8 Jul 2026
- 2026ScribeTokens: Fixed-Vocabulary Tokenization of Digital Ink3 Mar 2026
- 2026Beyond Human Annotation: Recent Advances in Data Generation Methods for Document Intelligence18 Jan 2026
- 2026Telling Human and Machine Handwriting Apart16 Jan 2026
- 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networks25 Dec 2025
- 2025ScriptViT: Vision Transformer-Based Personalized Handwriting Generation23 Nov 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliable27 Oct 2025
- 2025TrInk: Ink Generation with Transformer Network28 Aug 2025
- 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generator28 Aug 2025
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniques8 Jul 2025
- 2025InkFM: A Foundational Model for Full-Page Online Handwritten Note Understanding29 Mar 2025
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)