mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Robust and Versatile Bipedal Jumping Control through Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2302.09450 ↗First posted 19 Feb 2023cs.RO cs.AI cs.SYcited by 27

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Abstract (arXiv)

This work aims to push the limits of agility for bipedal robots by enabling a torque-controlled bipedal robot to perform robust and versatile dynamic jumps in the real world. We present a reinforcement learning framework for training a robot to accomplish a large variety of jumping tasks, such as jumping to different locations and directions. To improve performance on these challenging tasks, we develop a new policy structure that encodes the robot's long-term input/output (I/O) history while also providing direct access to a short-term I/O history. In order to train a versatile jumping policy, we utilize a multi-stage training scheme that includes different training stages for different objectives. After multi-stage training, the policy can be directly transferred to a real bipedal Cassie robot. Training on different tasks and exploring more diverse scenarios lead to highly robust policies that can exploit the diverse set of learned maneuvers to recover from perturbations or poor landings during real-world deployment. Such robustness in the proposed policy enables Cassie to succeed in completing a variety of challenging jump tasks in the real world, such as standing long jumps, jumping onto elevated platforms, and multi-axes jumps.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 80 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Feb 2023.

Builds on

53 of 80 references.

References · 53

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2017Sim-to-Real Transfer of Robotic Control with Dynamics Randomizationcited by 616
  3. 2020Learning Quadrupedal Locomotion over Challenging Terraincited by 494
  4. 2021RMA: Rapid Motor Adaptation for Legged Robotscited by 430
  5. 2022DayDreamer: World Models for Physical Robot Learningcited by 372
  6. 2022Learning robust perceptive locomotion for quadrupedal robots in the wildcited by 299
  7. 2020Learning Agile Robotic Locomotion Skills by Imitating Animalscited by 229
  8. 2021MT-Opt: Continuous Multi-Task Robotic Reinforcement Learning at Scalecited by 226
  9. 2018Learning to Walk via Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 153
  10. 2022Legged Locomotion in Challenging Terrains using Egocentric Visioncited by 131
  11. 2022Rapid Locomotion via Reinforcement Learningcited by 130
  12. 2022Walk These Ways: Tuning Robot Control for Generalization with Multiplicity of Behaviorcited by 113
38 more
  1. 2022Deep Whole-Body Control: Learning a Unified Policy for Manipulation and Locomotioncited by 98
  2. 2021Reinforcement Learning for Robust Parameterized Locomotion Control of Bipedal Robotscited by 95
  3. 2022A Walk in the Park: Learning to Walk in 20 Minutes With Model-Free Reinforcement Learningcited by 76
  4. 2020Sim-to-Real Learning of All Common Bipedal Gaits via Periodic Reward Compositioncited by 71
  5. 2022Adversarial Motion Priors Make Good Substitutes for Complex Reward Functionscited by 68
  6. 2021Minimizing Energy Consumption Leads to the Emergence of Gaits in Legged Robotscited by 67
  7. 2021Legged Robots that Keep on Learning: Fine-Tuning Locomotion Policies in the Real Worldcited by 64
  8. 2022Concurrent Training of a Control Policy and a State Estimator for Dynamic and Robust Legged Locomotioncited by 61
  9. 2019Sim-to-Real Transfer for Biped Locomotioncited by 50
  10. 2021Learning to Jump from Pixelscited by 39
  11. 2022Adapting Rapid Motor Adaptation for Bipedal Robotscited by 39
  12. 2020ContactNets: Learning Discontinuous Contact Dynamics with Smooth, Implicit Representationscited by 38
  13. 2018Feedback Control For Cassie With Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 36
  14. 2022GenLoco: Generalized Locomotion Controllers for Quadrupedal Robotscited by 36
  15. 2022Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Precise Soccer Shooting Skills using a Quadrupedal Robotcited by 32
  16. 2022CPG-RL: Learning Central Pattern Generators for Quadruped Locomotioncited by 24
  17. 2022Learning Free Gait Transition for Quadruped Robots via Phase-Guided Controllercited by 23
  18. 2022Advanced Skills through Multiple Adversarial Motion Priors in Reinforcement Learningcited by 23
  19. 2020Learning Memory-Based Control for Human-Scale Bipedal Locomotioncited by 20
  20. 2021Robust High-speed Running for Quadruped Robots via Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 20
  21. 2022Creating a Dynamic Quadrupedal Robotic Goalkeeper with Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
  22. 2019Contact-Aided Invariant Extended Kalman Filtering for Robot State Estimationcited by 16
  23. 2021Model-free Reinforcement Learning for Robust Locomotion using Demonstrations from Trajectory Optimizationcited by 16
  24. 2021DeepWalk: Omnidirectional Bipedal Gait by Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 15
  25. 2020Animated Cassie: A Dynamic Relatable Robotic Charactercited by 12
  26. 2021Robust Feedback Motion Policy Design Using Reinforcement Learning on a 3D Digit Bipedal Robotcited by 12
  27. 2021Legged Robot State Estimation using Invariant Kalman Filtering and Learned Contact Eventscited by 12
  28. 2019Simultaneous Contact, Gait and Motion Planning for Robust Multi-Legged Locomotion via Mixed-Integer Convex Optimizationcited by 8
  29. 2022Continuous Jumping for Legged Robots on Stepping Stones via Trajectory Optimization and Model Predictive Controlcited by 8
  30. 2020Robust Trajectory Optimization over Uncertain Terrain with Stochastic Complementaritycited by 7
  31. 2021Autonomous Navigation for Quadrupedal Robots with Optimized Jumping through Constrained Obstaclescited by 6
  32. 2019Bilevel Optimization for Planning through Contact: A Semidirect Methodcited by 4
  33. 2020Kinodynamic Motion Planning for Multi-Legged Robot Jumping via Mixed-Integer Convex Programcited by 4
  34. 2022Human-AI Shared Control via Policy Dissectioncited by 4
  35. 2018Bipedal Hopping: Reduced-order Model Embedding via Optimization-based Controlcited by 3
  36. 2020Contact-Implicit Trajectory Optimization using an Analytically Solvable Contact Model for Locomotion on Variable Groundcited by 3
  37. 2022Dynamic Bipedal Maneuvers through Sim-to-Real Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  38. 2021Impact Invariant Control with Applications to Bipedal Locomotioncited by 2

50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 8; 2025: 10; 2026: 4.

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  2. 2025ASAP: Aligning Simulation and Real-World Physics for Learning Agile Humanoid Whole-Body Skillscited by 104
  3. 2023TLControl: Trajectory and Language Control for Human Motion Synthesiscited by 93
  4. 2023EMDM: Efficient Motion Diffusion Model for Fast and High-Quality Motion Generationcited by 88
  5. 2024Reinforcement Learning for Versatile, Dynamic, and Robust Bipedal Locomotion Controlcited by 63
  6. 2024Agile But Safe: Learning Collision-Free High-Speed Legged Locomotioncited by 53
  7. 2025KungfuBot: Physics-Based Humanoid Whole-Body Control for Learning Highly-Dynamic Skillscited by 39
  8. 2025Learning Humanoid Standing-up Control across Diverse Posturescited by 34
  9. 2024Learning from Massive Human Videos for Universal Humanoid Pose Controlcited by 27
  10. 2024Learning Smooth Humanoid Locomotion through Lipschitz-Constrained Policiescited by 26
  11. 2024Hierarchical World Models as Visual Whole-Body Humanoid Controllerscited by 24
  12. 2025Learning Getting-Up Policies for Real-World Humanoid Robotscited by 21
15 more
  1. 2025HuB: Learning Extreme Humanoid Balancecited by 21
  2. 2023Generalized Animal Imitator: Agile Locomotion with Versatile Motion Priorcited by 17
  3. 2025Towards Autonomous Micromobility through Scalable Urban Simulationcited by 16
  4. 2025KungfuBot2: Learning Versatile Motion Skills for Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 11
  5. 2024Stage-Wise Reward Shaping for Acrobatic Robots: A Constrained Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 10
  6. 2025RoboMirror: Understand Before You Imitate for Video to Humanoid Locomotioncited by 6
  7. 2023Infer and Adapt: Bipedal Locomotion Reward Learning from Demonstrations via Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
  8. 2024Learn to Teach: Sample-Efficient Privileged Learning for Humanoid Locomotion over Diverse Terrainscited by 4
  9. 2026When Attention Betrays: Erasing Backdoor Attacks in Robotic Policies by Reconstructing Visual Tokenscited by 4
  10. 2026Learning Human-Like Badminton Skills for Humanoid Robotscited by 3
  11. 2026Towards Motion Turing Test: Evaluating Human-Likeness in Humanoid Robotscited by 3
  12. 2025PolySim: Bridging the Sim-to-Real Gap for Humanoid Control via Multi-Simulator Dynamics Randomizationcited by 2
  13. 2025MASH: Cooperative-Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Single Humanoid Robot Locomotioncited by 1
  14. 2024Impedance Matching: Enabling an RL-Based Running Jump in a Quadruped Robotcited by 0
  15. 2026LineRides: Line-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Bicycle Robot Stuntscited by 0