Aligning to Social Norms and Values in Interactive Narratives
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Abstract (arXiv)
We focus on creating agents that act in alignment with socially beneficial norms and values in interactive narratives or text-based games -- environments wherein an agent perceives and interacts with a world through natural language. Such interactive agents are often trained via reinforcement learning to optimize task performance, even when such rewards may lead to agent behaviors that violate societal norms -- causing harm either to the agent itself or other entities in the environment. Social value alignment refers to creating agents whose behaviors conform to expected moral and social norms for a given context and group of people -- in our case, it means agents that behave in a manner that is less harmful and more beneficial for themselves and others. We build on the Jiminy Cricket benchmark (Hendrycks et al. 2021), a set of 25 annotated interactive narratives containing thousands of morally salient scenarios covering everything from theft and bodily harm to altruism. We introduce the GALAD (Game-value ALignment through Action Distillation) agent that uses the social commonsense knowledge present in specially trained language models to contextually restrict its action space to only those actions that are aligned with socially beneficial values. An experimental study shows that the GALAD agent makes decisions efficiently enough to improve state-of-the-art task performance by 4% while reducing the frequency of socially harmful behaviors by 25% compared to strong contemporary value alignment approaches.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 May 2022.
Builds on
35 of 65 references.
References · 35
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,881
- 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,371
- 2017Constrained Policy Optimizationcited by 928
- 2020Aligning AI With Shared Human Valuescited by 706
- 2019The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generationcited by 540
- 2018Reward Constrained Policy Optimizationcited by 397
- 2019Social Bias Frames: Reasoning about Social and Power Implications of Languagecited by 377
- 2018TextWorld: A Learning Environment for Text-based Gamescited by 304
- 2016Cooperative Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 298
- 2020Social Chemistry 101: Learning to Reason about Social and Moral Normscited by 253
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- 2019Interactive Fiction Games: A Colossal Adventurecited by 165
- 2019Queens are Powerful too: Mitigating Gender Bias in Dialogue Generationcited by 152
- 2020Moral Stories: Situated Reasoning about Norms, Intents, Actions, and their Consequencescited by 133
- 2017AI Safety Gridworldscited by 108
- 2020Keep CALM and Explore: Language Models for Action Generation in Text-based Gamescited by 108
- 2020Scruples: A Corpus of Community Ethical Judgments on 32,000 Real-Life Anecdotescited by 100
- 2015Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Natural Language Action Spacecited by 88
- 2020Graph Constrained Reinforcement Learning for Natural Language Action Spacescited by 80
- 2018Learn What Not to Learn: Action Elimination with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 77
- 2018Reinforcement Learning from Imperfect Demonstrationscited by 74
- 2021What Would Jiminy Cricket Do? Towards Agents That Behave Morallycited by 57
- 2020Learning Dynamic Belief Graphs to Generalize on Text-Based Gamescited by 49
- 2019Learning Human Objectives by Evaluating Hypothetical Behaviorcited by 41
- 2020Text-based RL Agents with Commonsense Knowledge: New Challenges, Environments and Baselinescited by 37
- 2020How to Motivate Your Dragon: Teaching Goal-Driven Agents to Speak and Act in Fantasy Worldscited by 35
- 2021Learning Knowledge Graph-based World Models of Textual Environmentscited by 31
- 2020Playing Text-Based Games with Common Sensecited by 21
- 2019Learning Norms from Stories: A Prior for Value Aligned Agentscited by 19
- 2022Reward Reports for Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
- 2019NAIL: A General Interactive Fiction Agentcited by 17
- 2020Enhancing Text-based Reinforcement Learning Agents with Commonsense Knowledgecited by 16
- 2021Training Value-Aligned Reinforcement Learning Agents Using a Normative Priorcited by 14
- 2021Modeling Worlds in Textcited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 9; 2024: 10; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Story Shaping: Teaching Agents Human-like Behavior with Stories24 Jan 2023
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- 2022Neural Theory-of-Mind? On the Limits of Social Intelligence in Large LMs24 Oct 2022
- 2022Rainier: Reinforced Knowledge Introspector for Commonsense Question Answering6 Oct 2022
- 2022Is Reinforcement Learning (Not) for Natural Language Processing: Benchmarks, Baselines, and Building Blocks for Natural Language Policy Optimization3 Oct 2022
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- 2025Are Rules Meant to be Broken? Understanding Multilingual Moral Reasoning as a Computational Pipeline with UniMoralcited by 14
- 2023Toward Grounded Commonsense Reasoningcited by 9
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- 2025Are Rules Meant to be Broken? Understanding Multilingual Moral Reasoning as a Computational Pipeline with UniMoral19 Feb 2025
- 2024Communicate to Play: Pragmatic Reasoning for Efficient Cross-Cultural Communication in Codenames9 Aug 2024
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- 2023Toward Grounded Commonsense Reasoning14 Jun 2023
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- 2023Personalisation within bounds: A risk taxonomy and policy framework for the alignment of large language models with personalised feedback9 Mar 2023
- 2022Quark: Controllable Text Generation with Reinforced Unlearningcited by 236
- 2022Is Reinforcement Learning (Not) for Natural Language Processing: Benchmarks, Baselines, and Building Blocks for Natural Language Policy Optimizationcited by 244
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- 2023Knowledge of cultural moral norms in large language modelscited by 51
- 2022Rainier: Reinforced Knowledge Introspector for Commonsense Question Answeringcited by 43
- 2022Multimodal Knowledge Alignment with Reinforcement Learningcited by 30
- 2023The Touch'e23-ValueEval Dataset for Identifying Human Values behind Argumentscited by 27
- 2022Law Informs Code: A Legal Informatics Approach to Aligning Artificial Intelligence with Humanscited by 23
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12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
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- 2025Visual moral inference and communication12 Apr 2025
- 2025Persona Dynamics: Unveiling the Impact of Personality Traits on Agents in Text-Based Games9 Apr 2025
- 2024Reinforcement Learning and Machine ethics:a systematic review2 Jul 2024
- 2024LLM See, LLM Do: Guiding Data Generation to Target Non-Differentiable Objectives1 Jul 2024
- 2024Do LLMs Have Distinct and Consistent Personality? TRAIT: Personality Testset designed for LLMs with Psychometrics20 Jun 2024
- 2024Large Language Models and Games: A Survey and Roadmap28 Feb 2024
- 2024SaGE: Evaluating Moral Consistency in Large Language Models21 Feb 2024
- 2024Morality is Non-Binary: Building a Pluralist Moral Sentence Embedding Space using Contrastive Learning30 Jan 2024
- 2023What Makes it Ok to Set a Fire? Iterative Self-distillation of Contexts and Rationales for Disambiguating Defeasible Social and Moral Situations24 Oct 2023
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