Practical Stereo Matching via Cascaded Recurrent Network with Adaptive Correlation
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the advent of convolutional neural networks, stereo matching algorithms have recently gained tremendous progress. However, it remains a great challenge to accurately extract disparities from real-world image pairs taken by consumer-level devices like smartphones, due to practical complicating factors such as thin structures, non-ideal rectification, camera module inconsistencies and various hard-case scenes. In this paper, we propose a set of innovative designs to tackle the problem of practical stereo matching: 1) to better recover fine depth details, we design a hierarchical network with recurrent refinement to update disparities in a coarse-to-fine manner, as well as a stacked cascaded architecture for inference; 2) we propose an adaptive group correlation layer to mitigate the impact of erroneous rectification; 3) we introduce a new synthetic dataset with special attention to difficult cases for better generalizing to real-world scenes. Our results not only rank 1st on both Middlebury and ETH3D benchmarks, outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods by a notable margin, but also exhibit high-quality details for real-life photos, which clearly demonstrates the efficacy of our contributions.
Key facts. Cited by 197 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2022.
Builds on
35 of 56 references.
References · 35
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- 2018Deformable ConvNets v2: More Deformable, Better Resultscited by 666
- 2017AirSim: High-Fidelity Visual and Physical Simulation for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 517
- 2018Pyramid Stereo Matching Networkcited by 486
- 2017End-to-End Learning of Geometry and Context for Deep Stereo Regressioncited by 359
- 2021RAFT-Stereo: Multilevel Recurrent Field Transforms for Stereo Matchingcited by 348
23 more
- 2017Dilated Residual Networkscited by 293
- 2019GA-Net: Guided Aggregation Net for End-to-end Stereo Matchingcited by 242
- 2019Group-wise Correlation Stereo Networkcited by 235
- 2020AANet: Adaptive Aggregation Network for Efficient Stereo Matchingcited by 202
- 2020Revisiting Stereo Depth Estimation From a Sequence-to-Sequence Perspective with Transformerscited by 190
- 2020Hierarchical Neural Architecture Search for Deep Stereo Matchingcited by 166
- 2021CFNet: Cascade and Fused Cost Volume for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 153
- 2019Hierarchical Deep Stereo Matching on High-resolution Imagescited by 126
- 2020HITNet: Hierarchical Iterative Tile Refinement Network for Real-time Stereo Matchingcited by 120
- 2021AutoFlow: Learning a Better Training Set for Optical Flowcited by 102
- 2018Falling Things: A Synthetic Dataset for 3D Object Detection and Pose Estimationcited by 92
- 2018StereoNet: Guided Hierarchical Refinement for Real-Time Edge-Aware Depth Predictioncited by 88
- 2014Computing the Stereo Matching Cost with a Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 74
- 2017Cascade Residual Learning: A Two-stage Convolutional Neural Network for Stereo Matchingcited by 63
- 2018What Makes Good Synthetic Training Data for Learning Disparity and Optical Flow Estimation?cited by 44
- 2020Holopix50k: A Large-Scale In-the-wild Stereo Image Datasetcited by 36
- 2021KITTI-CARLA: a KITTI-like dataset generated by CARLA Simulatorcited by 33
- 2020AdaStereo: A Simple and Efficient Approach for Adaptive Stereo Matchingcited by 31
- 2018Zoom and Learn: Generalizing Deep Stereo Matching to Novel Domainscited by 20
- 2016Continuous 3D Label Stereo Matching using Local Expansion Movescited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 11; 2023: 32; 2024: 61; 2025: 60; 2026: 33.
197 papers.
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- 2022Unifying Flow, Stereo and Depth Estimationcited by 270
- 2023Iterative Geometry Encoding Volume for Stereo Matchingcited by 188
- 2023Spring: A High-Resolution High-Detail Dataset and Benchmark for Scene Flow, Optical Flow and Stereocited by 170
- 2025FoundationStereo: Zero-Shot Stereo Matchingcited by 168
- 2022CroCo v2: Improved Cross-view Completion Pre-training for Stereo Matching and Optical Flowcited by 165
- 2023DynamicStereo: Consistent Dynamic Depth from Stereo Videoscited by 147
- 2023Infinite Photorealistic Worlds using Procedural Generationcited by 142
- 2024Infinigen Indoors: Photorealistic Indoor Scenes using Procedural Generationcited by 129
- 2024Selective-Stereo: Adaptive Frequency Information Selection for Stereo Matchingcited by 98
- 2023CompletionFormer: Depth Completion with Convolutions and Vision Transformerscited by 92
- 2024IGEV++: Iterative Multi-range Geometry Encoding Volumes for Stereo Matchingcited by 55
- 2025DEFOM-Stereo: Depth Foundation Model Based Stereo Matchingcited by 51
38 more
- 2024MoCha-Stereo: Motif Channel Attention Network for Stereo Matchingcited by 48
- 2023NeRF-Supervised Deep Stereocited by 46
- 2024Stereo Anywhere: Robust Zero-Shot Deep Stereo Matching Even Where Either Stereo or Mono Failcited by 45
- 2022DiffuStereo: High Quality Human Reconstruction via Diffusion-based Stereo Using Sparse Camerascited by 43
- 2024Neural Markov Random Field for Stereo Matchingcited by 38
- 2023Uncertainty Guided Adaptive Warping for Robust and Efficient Stereo Matchingcited by 36
- 2023Learning Depth Estimation for Transparent and Mirror Surfacescited by 34
- 2023Booster: a Benchmark for Depth from Images of Specular and Transparent Surfacescited by 33
- 2024Beyond Bare Queries: Open-Vocabulary Object Grounding with 3D Scene Graphcited by 32
- 2023POPE: 6-DoF Promptable Pose Estimation of Any Object, in Any Scene, with One Referencecited by 30
- 2023ScatterNeRF: Seeing Through Fog with Physically-Based Inverse Neural Renderingcited by 28
- 2023OpenStereo: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Stereo Matching and Strong Baselinecited by 28
- 2024LightStereo: Channel Boost Is All You Need for Efficient 2D Cost Aggregationcited by 28
- 2024Match-Stereo-Videos: Bidirectional Alignment for Consistent Dynamic Stereo Matchingcited by 24
- 2024Playing to Vision Foundation Model's Strengths in Stereo Matchingcited by 23
- 2024A Survey on Deep Stereo Matching in the Twentiescited by 23
- 2023Digging Into Uncertainty-based Pseudo-label for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 22
- 2024GPS-Gaussian+: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Human-Scene Rendering from Sparse Viewscited by 22
- 2026Orient Anything V2: Unifying Orientation and Rotation Understandingcited by 22
- 2023Bridging Stereo Geometry and BEV Representation with Reliable Mutual Interaction for Semantic Scene Completioncited by 21
- 2023Adaptive Multi-Modal Cross-Entropy Loss for Stereo Matchingcited by 19
- 2023Global Occlusion-Aware Transformer for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 19
- 2025MonSter++: Unified Stereo Matching, Multi-view Stereo, and Real-time Stereo with Monodepth Priorscited by 19
- 2026InfiniDepth: Arbitrary-Resolution and Fine-Grained Depth Estimation with Neural Implicit Fieldscited by 19
- 2024Epipolar-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting for Generalizable Novel View Synthesiscited by 18
- 2023CGI-Stereo: Accurate and Real-Time Stereo Matching via Context and Geometry Interactioncited by 17
- 2023DiffuVolume: Diffusion Model for Volume based Stereo Matchingcited by 16
- 2024All-in-One: Transferring Vision Foundation Models into Stereo Matchingcited by 16
- 2025StereoVLA: Enhancing Vision-Language-Action Models with Stereo Visioncited by 16
- 2024Robust Synthetic-to-Real Transfer for Stereo Matchingcited by 15
- 2025BridgeDepth: Bridging Monocular and Stereo Reasoning with Latent Alignmentcited by 15
- 2023Stereo Matching in Time: 100+ FPS Video Stereo Matching for Extended Realitycited by 14
- 2024S3M-Net: Joint Learning of Semantic Segmentation and Stereo Matching for Autonomous Drivingcited by 14
- 2024SwinMTL: A Shared Architecture for Simultaneous Depth Estimation and Semantic Segmentation from Monocular Camera Imagescited by 13
- 2025Learning Robust Stereo Matching in the Wild with Selective Mixture-of-Expertscited by 13
- 2022RIAV-MVS: Recurrent-Indexing an Asymmetric Volume for Multi-View Stereocited by 12
- 2022Data-Driven Feature Tracking for Event Cameras With and Without Framescited by 12
- 2022TemporalStereo: Efficient Spatial-Temporal Stereo Matching Networkcited by 12
50 most cited of 197 All 197 (JSON)
- 2026FAST: Flow Any Scene Transformer30 Sep 2026
- 2026SFVO: Decoupled Confidence-Guided Stereo-Flow Visual Odometry with Bidirectional PnP18 Sep 2026
- 2026Disparity Has a Sign: Stereo Matching Beyond the Zero-Disparity Plane6 Sep 2026
- 2026PhasorNet: Learning Structure from Frequency for Real-Time Stereo Matching30 Aug 2026
- 2026NBS: No Bias Stereo28 Aug 2026
- 2026StereoDiffuer: Diffusion-based Progressive Geometry Modeling with Saliency Attention Perception for Stereo Matching22 Aug 2026
- 2026STEREOFLOW: Progressive Stereo Matching with StereoDiT and Transition Flow Matching22 Jul 2026
- 2026DPNeXt: A Lightweight Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Framework for Efficient ViT-Based Multi-Task Dense Prediction17 Jul 2026
- 2026WAVE-Stereo: Warp-Aligned Volume Encoding for Stereo Matching15 Jul 2026
- 2026LiteMatch: Lightweight Zero-Shot Stereo Matching via Cost Volume Stabilization30 Jun 2026
- 2026LinStereo: Linear-Complexity Global Attention for Multi-Scale Iterative Stereo Matching24 Jun 2026
- 2026Spherical-to-ERP Epipolar Rectification for Single-Axis Disparity in 360 Stereo23 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026Lite Any Stereo V2: Faster and Stronger Efficient Zero-Shot Stereo Matching23 Jun 2026
- 2026StereoFactory: A Unified Merging Framework for Robust Stereo Matching16 Jun 2026
- 2026WideDepth: Millimeter-Accurate Benchmark for Fisheye Depth Estimation22 May 2026
- 2026StereoPolicy: Improving Robotic Manipulation Policies via Stereo Perception11 May 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal RGB-D Fusion Transformer for 6D Pose Estimation of Non-Cooperative Spacecraft with Stereo-Derived Depth9 May 2026
- 2026MLG-Stereo: ViT Based Stereo Matching with Multi-Stage Local-Global Enhancement22 Apr 2026
- 2026URoPE: Universal Relative Position Embedding across Geometric Spaces20 Apr 2026
- 2026Bidirectional Cross-Modal Prompting for Event-Frame Asymmetric Stereo16 Apr 2026
- 2026SMFormer: Empowering Self-supervised Stereo Matching via Foundation Models and Data Augmentation11 Apr 2026
- 2026Geometry Reinforced Efficient Attention Tuning Equipped with Normals for Robust Stereo Matching10 Apr 2026
- 2026StereoVGGT: A Training-Free Visual Geometry Transformer for Stereo Vision31 Mar 2026
- 2026WAFT-Stereo: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Stereo Matching25 Mar 2026
- 2026Semantic Segmentation and Depth Estimation for Real-Time Lunar Surface Mapping Using 3D Gaussian Splatting18 Mar 2026
- 2026Reference-Free Omnidirectional Stereo Matching via Multi-View Consistency Maximization16 Mar 2026
- 2026Ego-1K -- A Large-Scale Multiview Video Dataset for Egocentric Vision14 Mar 2026
- 2026PromptStereo: Zero-Shot Stereo Matching via Structure and Motion Prompts2 Mar 2026
- 2026Pip-Stereo: Progressive Iterations Pruner for Iterative Optimization based Stereo Matching24 Feb 2026
- 2026StereoAdapter-2: Globally Structure-Consistent Underwater Stereo Depth Estimation18 Feb 2026
- 2026Orient Anything V2: Unifying Orientation and Rotation Understanding9 Jan 2026
- 2026UniLiPs: Unified LiDAR Pseudo-Labeling with Geometry-Grounded Dynamic Scene Decomposition8 Jan 2026
- 2026InfiniDepth: Arbitrary-Resolution and Fine-Grained Depth Estimation with Neural Implicit Fields6 Jan 2026
- 2025StereoVLA: Enhancing Vision-Language-Action Models with Stereo Vision26 Dec 2025
- 2025A Study of Finetuning Video Transformers for Multi-view Geometry Tasks21 Dec 2025
- 2025Generalized Geometry Encoding Volume for Real-time Stereo Matching7 Dec 2025
- 2025Generalization Evaluation of Deep Stereo Matching Methods for UAV-Based Forestry Applications3 Dec 2025
- 2025Real-Time Object Tracking with On-Device Deep Learning for Adaptive Beamforming in Dynamic Acoustic Environments24 Nov 2025
- 2025DepthFocus: Controllable Depth Estimation for See-Through Scenes21 Nov 2025
- 2025Lite Any Stereo: Efficient Zero-Shot Stereo Matching20 Nov 2025
- 2025Cheating Stereo Matching in Full-scale: Physical Adversarial Attack against Binocular Depth Estimation in Autonomous Driving18 Nov 2025
- 2025RobIA: Robust Instance-aware Continual Test-time Adaptation for Deep Stereo13 Nov 2025
- 2025CogStereo: Neural Stereo Matching with Implicit Spatial Cognition Embedding25 Oct 2025
- 2025PPMStereo: Pick-and-Play Memory Construction for Consistent Dynamic Stereo Matching23 Oct 2025
- 2025MatchAttention: Embedding Explicit Matching Constraints into Attention for Efficient Stereo Matching16 Oct 2025
- 2025FastViDAR: Real-Time Omnidirectional Depth Estimation via Alternative Hierarchical Attention28 Sep 2025
- 2025EfficientDepth: A Fast and Detail-Preserving Monocular Depth Estimation Model26 Sep 2025
- 2025RoSe: Robust Self-supervised Stereo Matching under Adverse Weather Conditions23 Sep 2025
- 2025StereoAdapter: Adapting Stereo Depth Estimation to Underwater Scenes19 Sep 2025
- 2025Global Regulation and Excitation via Attention Tuning for Stereo Matching19 Sep 2025
50 newest of 197 All 197 (JSON)
- 2022Unifying Flow, Stereo and Depth Estimationcited by 270
- 2023Iterative Geometry Encoding Volume for Stereo Matchingcited by 188
- 2023Spring: A High-Resolution High-Detail Dataset and Benchmark for Scene Flow, Optical Flow and Stereocited by 170
- 2025FoundationStereo: Zero-Shot Stereo Matchingcited by 168
- 2022CroCo v2: Improved Cross-view Completion Pre-training for Stereo Matching and Optical Flowcited by 165
- 2023DynamicStereo: Consistent Dynamic Depth from Stereo Videoscited by 147
- 2023Infinite Photorealistic Worlds using Procedural Generationcited by 142
- 2024Infinigen Indoors: Photorealistic Indoor Scenes using Procedural Generationcited by 129
- 2024Selective-Stereo: Adaptive Frequency Information Selection for Stereo Matchingcited by 98
- 2023CompletionFormer: Depth Completion with Convolutions and Vision Transformerscited by 92
- 2024IGEV++: Iterative Multi-range Geometry Encoding Volumes for Stereo Matchingcited by 55
- 2025DEFOM-Stereo: Depth Foundation Model Based Stereo Matchingcited by 51
12 most cited of 190 All 190 (JSON)
- 2026FAST: Flow Any Scene Transformer30 Sep 2026
- 2026SFVO: Decoupled Confidence-Guided Stereo-Flow Visual Odometry with Bidirectional PnP18 Sep 2026
- 2026Disparity Has a Sign: Stereo Matching Beyond the Zero-Disparity Plane6 Sep 2026
- 2026PhasorNet: Learning Structure from Frequency for Real-Time Stereo Matching30 Aug 2026
- 2026NBS: No Bias Stereo28 Aug 2026
- 2026StereoDiffuer: Diffusion-based Progressive Geometry Modeling with Saliency Attention Perception for Stereo Matching22 Aug 2026
- 2026DPNeXt: A Lightweight Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Framework for Efficient ViT-Based Multi-Task Dense Prediction17 Jul 2026
- 2026WAVE-Stereo: Warp-Aligned Volume Encoding for Stereo Matching15 Jul 2026
- 2026LiteMatch: Lightweight Zero-Shot Stereo Matching via Cost Volume Stabilization30 Jun 2026
- 2026LinStereo: Linear-Complexity Global Attention for Multi-Scale Iterative Stereo Matching24 Jun 2026
- 2026Spherical-to-ERP Epipolar Rectification for Single-Axis Disparity in 360 Stereo23 Jun 2026
- 2026Lite Any Stereo V2: Faster and Stronger Efficient Zero-Shot Stereo Matching23 Jun 2026
12 newest of 190 All 190 (JSON)