HITNet: Hierarchical Iterative Tile Refinement Network for Real-time Stereo Matching
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents HITNet, a novel neural network architecture for real-time stereo matching. Contrary to many recent neural network approaches that operate on a full cost volume and rely on 3D convolutions, our approach does not explicitly build a volume and instead relies on a fast multi-resolution initialization step, differentiable 2D geometric propagation and warping mechanisms to infer disparity hypotheses. To achieve a high level of accuracy, our network not only geometrically reasons about disparities but also infers slanted plane hypotheses allowing to more accurately perform geometric warping and upsampling operations. Our architecture is inherently multi-resolution allowing the propagation of information across different levels. Multiple experiments prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach at a fraction of the computation required by state-of-the-art methods. At the time of writing, HITNet ranks 1st-3rd on all the metrics published on the ETH3D website for two view stereo, ranks 1st on most of the metrics among all the end-to-end learning approaches on Middlebury-v3, ranks 1st on the popular KITTI 2012 and 2015 benchmarks among the published methods faster than 100ms.
Key facts. Cited by 120 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 19; 2023: 18; 2024: 32; 2025: 27; 2026: 11.
120 papers.
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- 2021RAFT-Stereo: Multilevel Recurrent Field Transforms for Stereo Matchingcited by 348
- 2023VoxFormer: Sparse Voxel Transformer for Camera-based 3D Semantic Scene Completioncited by 306
- 2022Practical Stereo Matching via Cascaded Recurrent Network with Adaptive Correlationcited by 197
- 2023Iterative Geometry Encoding Volume for Stereo Matchingcited by 188
- 2025FoundationStereo: Zero-Shot Stereo Matchingcited by 168
- 2022CroCo v2: Improved Cross-view Completion Pre-training for Stereo Matching and Optical Flowcited by 165
- 2021CFNet: Cascade and Fused Cost Volume for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 153
- 2023DynamicStereo: Consistent Dynamic Depth from Stereo Videoscited by 147
- 2022Attention Concatenation Volume for Accurate and Efficient Stereo Matchingcited by 130
- 2024Selective-Stereo: Adaptive Frequency Information Selection for Stereo Matchingcited by 98
- 2022Accurate and Efficient Stereo Matching via Attention Concatenation Volumecited by 59
- 2024IGEV++: Iterative Multi-range Geometry Encoding Volumes for Stereo Matchingcited by 55
38 more
- 2025DEFOM-Stereo: Depth Foundation Model Based Stereo Matchingcited by 51
- 2022MVSTER: Epipolar Transformer for Efficient Multi-View Stereocited by 50
- 2024MoCha-Stereo: Motif Channel Attention Network for Stereo Matchingcited by 48
- 2021MVS2D: Efficient Multi-view Stereo via Attention-Driven 2D Convolutionscited by 43
- 2024Neural Markov Random Field for Stereo Matchingcited by 38
- 2023Uncertainty Guided Adaptive Warping for Robust and Efficient Stereo Matchingcited by 36
- 2023Learning Depth Estimation for Transparent and Mirror Surfacescited by 34
- 2021Local Similarity Pattern and Cost Self-Reassembling for Deep Stereo Matching Networkscited by 32
- 2022Pseudo-Stereo for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2021PVStereo: Pyramid Voting Module for End-to-End Self-Supervised Stereo Matchingcited by 28
- 2024LightStereo: Channel Boost Is All You Need for Efficient 2D Cost Aggregationcited by 28
- 2021Temporally Consistent Online Depth Estimation in Dynamic Scenescited by 26
- 2024Match-Stereo-Videos: Bidirectional Alignment for Consistent Dynamic Stereo Matchingcited by 24
- 2024Playing to Vision Foundation Model's Strengths in Stereo Matchingcited by 23
- 2024A Survey on Deep Stereo Matching in the Twentiescited by 23
- 2025Fast-FoundationStereo: Real-Time Zero-Shot Stereo Matchingcited by 23
- 2023Digging Into Uncertainty-based Pseudo-label for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 22
- 2021Neural Disparity Refinement for Arbitrary Resolution Stereocited by 20
- 2023Global Occlusion-Aware Transformer for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 19
- 2025MonSter++: Unified Stereo Matching, Multi-view Stereo, and Real-time Stereo with Monodepth Priorscited by 19
- 2023Revisiting Depth Completion from a Stereo Matching Perspective for Cross-domain Generalizationcited by 18
- 2023CGI-Stereo: Accurate and Real-Time Stereo Matching via Context and Geometry Interactioncited by 17
- 2022Multi-Camera Collaborative Depth Prediction via Consistent Structure Estimationcited by 16
- 2023DiffuVolume: Diffusion Model for Volume based Stereo Matchingcited by 16
- 2024All-in-One: Transferring Vision Foundation Models into Stereo Matchingcited by 16
- 2021A Learned Stereo Depth System for Robotic Manipulation in Homescited by 14
- 2023Stereo Matching in Time: 100+ FPS Video Stereo Matching for Extended Realitycited by 14
- 2021The Implicit Values of A Good Hand Shake: Handheld Multi-Frame Neural Depth Refinementcited by 13
- 2022TemporalStereo: Efficient Spatial-Temporal Stereo Matching Networkcited by 12
- 2023Temporally Consistent Online Depth Estimation Using Point-Based Fusioncited by 12
- 2024Federated Online Adaptation for Deep Stereocited by 12
- 2025BANet: Bilateral Aggregation Network for Mobile Stereo Matchingcited by 12
- 2024Learning Intra-view and Cross-view Geometric Knowledge for Stereo Matchingcited by 11
- 2024LayeredFlow: A Real-World Benchmark for Non-Lambertian Multi-Layer Optical Flowcited by 11
- 2024Match Stereo Videos via Bidirectional Alignmentcited by 11
- 2021Estimating Image Depth in the Comics Domaincited by 8
- 2022Shakes on a Plane: Unsupervised Depth Estimation from Unstabilized Photographycited by 8
- 2023Active Stereo Without Pattern Projectorcited by 8
50 most cited of 120 All 120 (JSON)
- 2026PhasorNet: Learning Structure from Frequency for Real-Time Stereo Matching30 Aug 2026
- 2026StereoDiffuer: Diffusion-based Progressive Geometry Modeling with Saliency Attention Perception for Stereo Matching22 Aug 2026
- 2026URS-Stereo: Uncertainty-Guided Residual Search for Real-Time Stereo Matching7 Jul 2026
- 2026LiteMatch: Lightweight Zero-Shot Stereo Matching via Cost Volume Stabilization30 Jun 2026
- 2026LinStereo: Linear-Complexity Global Attention for Multi-Scale Iterative Stereo Matching24 Jun 2026
- 2026Lite Any Stereo V2: Faster and Stronger Efficient Zero-Shot Stereo Matching23 Jun 2026
- 2026SENSE: Stereo OpEN Vocabulary SEmantic Segmentation17 Apr 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Awareness Adapters with Hybrid Pyramid Feature Fusion for Dense Depth Prediction3 Apr 2026
- 2026WAFT-Stereo: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Stereo Matching25 Mar 2026
- 2026Long-Term Visual Localization in Dynamic Benthic Environments: A Dataset, Footprint-Based Ground Truth, and Visual Place Recognition Benchmark4 Mar 2026
- 2026Training Deep Stereo Matching Networks on Tree Branch Imagery: A Benchmark Study for Real-Time UAV Forestry Applications23 Feb 2026
- 2025Fast-FoundationStereo: Real-Time Zero-Shot Stereo Matching11 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025Generalized Geometry Encoding Volume for Real-time Stereo Matching7 Dec 2025
- 2025MAFNet:Multi-frequency Adaptive Fusion Network for Real-time Stereo Matching4 Dec 2025
- 2025Lite Any Stereo: Efficient Zero-Shot Stereo Matching20 Nov 2025
- 2025PPMStereo: Pick-and-Play Memory Construction for Consistent Dynamic Stereo Matching23 Oct 2025
- 2025MatchAttention: Embedding Explicit Matching Constraints into Attention for Efficient Stereo Matching16 Oct 2025
- 2025Decoupling Bidirectional Geometric Representations of 4D cost volume with 2D convolution2 Sep 2025
- 2025Stextsuperscript2Mtextsuperscript2: Scalable Stereo Matching Model for Reliable Depth Estimation17 Jul 2025
- 2025PanMatch: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Models for Unified Matching Models11 Jul 2025
- 2025ESMStereo: Enhanced ShuffleMixer Disparity Upsampling for Real-Time and Accurate Stereo Matching26 Jun 2025
- 2025VEIGAR: View-consistent Explicit Inpainting and Geometry Alignment for 3D object Removal13 Jun 2025
- 2025NTIRE 2025 Challenge on HR Depth from Images of Specular and Transparent Surfaces6 Jun 2025
- 2025SpikeStereoNet: A Brain-Inspired Framework for Stereo Depth Estimation from Spike Streams26 May 2025
- 2025M3Depth: Wavelet-Enhanced Depth Estimation on Mars via Mutual Boosting of Dual-Modal Data20 May 2025
- 2025ThermoStereoRT: Thermal Stereo Matching in Real Time via Knowledge Distillation and Attention-based Refinement10 Apr 2025
- 2025Consistency-aware Self-Training for Iterative-based Stereo Matching31 Mar 2025
- 2025LeanStereo: A Leaner Backbone based Stereo Network24 Mar 2025
- 2025Distilling Stereo Networks for Performant and Efficient Leaner Networks24 Mar 2025
- 2025RGB-Phase Speckle: Cross-Scene Stereo 3D Reconstruction via Wrapped Pre-Normalization8 Mar 2025
- 2025Stereo Any Video: Temporally Consistent Stereo Matching7 Mar 2025
- 2025Inclusive STEAM Education: A Framework for Teaching Cod-2 ing and Robotics to Students with Visually Impairment Using 3 Advanced Computer Vision6 Mar 2025
- 2025BANet: Bilateral Aggregation Network for Mobile Stereo Matching5 Mar 2025
- 2025SteROI-D: System Design and Mapping for Stereo Depth Inference on Regions of Interest13 Feb 2025
- 2025Green Video Camouflaged Object Detection19 Jan 2025
- 2025FoundationStereo: Zero-Shot Stereo Matching17 Jan 2025
- 2025DEFOM-Stereo: Depth Foundation Model Based Stereo Matching16 Jan 2025
- 2025MonSter++: Unified Stereo Matching, Multi-view Stereo, and Real-time Stereo with Monodepth Priors15 Jan 2025
- 2024ViM-Disparity: Bridging the Gap of Speed, Accuracy and Memory for Disparity Map Generation21 Dec 2024
- 2024All-in-One: Transferring Vision Foundation Models into Stereo Matching13 Dec 2024
- 2024PMPNet: Pixel Movement Prediction Network for Monocular Depth Estimation in Dynamic Scenes4 Nov 2024
- 2024Analysis of different disparity estimation techniques on aerial stereo image datasets9 Oct 2024
- 2024Pseudo-Stereo Inputs: A Solution to the Occlusion Challenge in Self-Supervised Stereo Matching3 Oct 2024
- 2024Match Stereo Videos via Bidirectional Alignment30 Sep 2024
- 2024LayeredFlow: A Real-World Benchmark for Non-Lambertian Multi-Layer Optical Flow9 Sep 2024
- 2024MaDis-Stereo: Enhanced Stereo Matching via Distilled Masked Image Modeling4 Sep 2024
- 2024UniTT-Stereo: Unified Training of Transformer for Enhanced Stereo Matching4 Sep 2024
- 2024IGEV++: Iterative Multi-range Geometry Encoding Volumes for Stereo Matching1 Sep 2024
- 2024LiDAR-Event Stereo Fusion with Hallucinations8 Aug 2024
- 2024MCPDepth: Omnidirectional Depth Estimation via Stereo Matching from Multi-Cylindrical Panoramas3 Aug 2024
50 newest of 120 All 120 (JSON)
- 2021RAFT-Stereo: Multilevel Recurrent Field Transforms for Stereo Matchingcited by 348
- 2023VoxFormer: Sparse Voxel Transformer for Camera-based 3D Semantic Scene Completioncited by 306
- 2022Practical Stereo Matching via Cascaded Recurrent Network with Adaptive Correlationcited by 197
- 2023Iterative Geometry Encoding Volume for Stereo Matchingcited by 188
- 2025FoundationStereo: Zero-Shot Stereo Matchingcited by 168
- 2022CroCo v2: Improved Cross-view Completion Pre-training for Stereo Matching and Optical Flowcited by 165
- 2021CFNet: Cascade and Fused Cost Volume for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 153
- 2023DynamicStereo: Consistent Dynamic Depth from Stereo Videoscited by 147
- 2022Attention Concatenation Volume for Accurate and Efficient Stereo Matchingcited by 130
- 2024Selective-Stereo: Adaptive Frequency Information Selection for Stereo Matchingcited by 98
- 2022Accurate and Efficient Stereo Matching via Attention Concatenation Volumecited by 59
- 2024IGEV++: Iterative Multi-range Geometry Encoding Volumes for Stereo Matchingcited by 55
12 most cited of 117 All 117 (JSON)
- 2026PhasorNet: Learning Structure from Frequency for Real-Time Stereo Matching30 Aug 2026
- 2026StereoDiffuer: Diffusion-based Progressive Geometry Modeling with Saliency Attention Perception for Stereo Matching22 Aug 2026
- 2026URS-Stereo: Uncertainty-Guided Residual Search for Real-Time Stereo Matching7 Jul 2026
- 2026LiteMatch: Lightweight Zero-Shot Stereo Matching via Cost Volume Stabilization30 Jun 2026
- 2026LinStereo: Linear-Complexity Global Attention for Multi-Scale Iterative Stereo Matching24 Jun 2026
- 2026Lite Any Stereo V2: Faster and Stronger Efficient Zero-Shot Stereo Matching23 Jun 2026
- 2026SENSE: Stereo OpEN Vocabulary SEmantic Segmentation17 Apr 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Awareness Adapters with Hybrid Pyramid Feature Fusion for Dense Depth Prediction3 Apr 2026
- 2026WAFT-Stereo: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Stereo Matching25 Mar 2026
- 2026Long-Term Visual Localization in Dynamic Benthic Environments: A Dataset, Footprint-Based Ground Truth, and Visual Place Recognition Benchmark4 Mar 2026
- 2026Training Deep Stereo Matching Networks on Tree Branch Imagery: A Benchmark Study for Real-Time UAV Forestry Applications23 Feb 2026
- 2025Fast-FoundationStereo: Real-Time Zero-Shot Stereo Matching11 Dec 2025
12 newest of 117 All 117 (JSON)