mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act

arXiv 2107.03721 ↗First posted 8 Jul 2021cs.CY cs.AIcited by 82

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Abstract (arXiv)

In April 2021, the European Commission proposed a Regulation on Artificial Intelligence, known as the AI Act. We present an overview of the Act and analyse its implications, drawing on scholarship ranging from the study of contemporary AI practices to the structure of EU product safety regimes over the last four decades. Aspects of the AI Act, such as different rules for different risk-levels of AI, make sense. But we also find that some provisions of the Draft AI Act have surprising legal implications, whilst others may be largely ineffective at achieving their stated goals. Several overarching aspects, including the enforcement regime and the risks of maximum harmonisation pre-empting legitimate national AI policy, engender significant concern. These issues should be addressed as a priority in the legislative process.

Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Jul 2021.

Builds on

10 of 74 references.

References · 10

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2021Pervasive Label Errors in Test Sets Destabilize Machine Learning Benchmarkscited by 388
  3. 2018Improving fairness in machine learning systems: What do industry practitioners need?cited by 262
  4. 2018Deep Learning for Single Image Super-Resolution: A Brief Reviewcited by 158
  5. 2021ShaRF: Shape-conditioned Radiance Fields from a Single Viewcited by 92
  6. 2020X-LXMERT: Paint, Caption and Answer Questions with Multi-Modal Transformerscited by 58
  7. 2020"What We Can't Measure, We Can't Understand": Challenges to Demographic Data Procurement in the Pursuit of Fairnesscited by 56
  8. 2018Algorithms that Remember: Model Inversion Attacks and Data Protection Lawcited by 52
  9. 2018Enslaving the Algorithm: From a "Right to an Explanation" to a "Right to Better Decisions"?cited by 14
  10. 2021Consent Management Platforms under the GDPR: processors and/or controllers?cited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 10; 2023: 17; 2024: 17; 2025: 20; 2026: 15.

82 papers.

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  1. 2023Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Modelscited by 102
  2. 2022The Fallacy of AI Functionalitycited by 88
  3. 2022Post-Hoc Explanations Fail to Achieve their Purpose in Adversarial Contextscited by 53
  4. 2023Understanding accountability in algorithmic supply chainscited by 39
  5. 2024Towards Trustworthy AI: A Review of Ethical and Robust Large Language Modelscited by 21
  6. 2023What does it take to catch a Chinchilla? Verifying Rules on Large-Scale Neural Network Training via Compute Monitoringcited by 20
  7. 2021A Framework for Deprecating Datasets: Standardizing Documentation, Identification, and Communicationcited by 18
  8. 2023User Experience Design Professionals' Perceptions of Generative Artificial Intelligencecited by 16
  9. 2022Gathering Strength, Gathering Storms: The One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) 2021 Study Panel Reportcited by 14
  10. 2022The Conflict Between Explainable and Accountable Decision-Making Algorithmscited by 13
  11. 2022The European AI Liability Directives -- Critique of a Half-Hearted Approach and Lessons for the Futurecited by 12
  12. 2023Evaluating the Stability of Semantic Concept Representations in CNNs for Robust Explainabilitycited by 11
38 more
  1. 2025Unlocking the Black Box: Analysing the EU Artificial Intelligence Act's Framework for Explainability in AIcited by 11
  2. 2023Bridging the Transparency Gap: What Can Explainable AI Learn From the AI Act?cited by 10
  3. 2024AI Cards: Towards an Applied Framework for Machine-Readable AI and Risk Documentation Inspired by the EU AI Actcited by 10
  4. 2024Auditing of AI: Legal, Ethical and Technical Approachescited by 9
  5. 2024Duwak: Dual Watermarks in Large Language Modelscited by 8
  6. 2024Generating Counterfactual Trajectories with Latent Diffusion Models for Concept Discoverycited by 8
  7. 2024Trustworthy AI: Securing Sensitive Data in Large Language Modelscited by 7
  8. 2022The Risks of Machine Learning Systemscited by 5
  9. 2023Blaming Humans and Machines: What Shapes People's Reactions to Algorithmic Harmcited by 5
  10. 2023Integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence in Intelligent Vehicle Systemscited by 5
  11. 2024Law and the Emerging Political Economy of Algorithmic Auditscited by 5
  12. 2026SARC: A Governance-by-Architecture Framework for Agentic AI Systemscited by 5
  13. 2021On the Current and Emerging Challenges of Developing Fair and Ethical AI Solutions in Financial Servicescited by 4
  14. 2023SplitOut: Out-of-the-Box Training-Hijacking Detection in Split Learning via Outlier Detectioncited by 4
  15. 2025EvalCards: A Framework for Standardized Evaluation Reportingcited by 4
  16. 2022Bias and Fairness in Computer Vision Applications of the Criminal Justice Systemcited by 3
  17. 2022Closed-Loop View of the Regulation of AI: Equal Impact across Repeated Interactionscited by 3
  18. 2024What constitutes a Deep Fake? The blurry line between legitimate processing and manipulation under the EU AI Actcited by 3
  19. 2025The Backfiring Effect of Weak AI Safety Regulationcited by 3
  20. 2021There is an elephant in the room: Towards a critique on the use of fairness in biometricscited by 2
  21. 2024Specification Overfitting in Artificial Intelligencecited by 2
  22. 2024Debiasing surgeon: fantastic weights and how to find themcited by 2
  23. 2024A Conceptual Framework for Ethical Evaluation of Machine Learning Systemscited by 2
  24. 2024Ethical and Scalable Automation: A Governance and Compliance Framework for Business Applicationscited by 2
  25. 2025QPM: Discrete Optimization for Globally Interpretable Image Classificationcited by 2
  26. 2025LUCID: Learning-Enabled Uncertainty-Aware Certification of Stochastic Dynamical Systemscited by 2
  27. 2026Why Conclusions Diverge from the Same Observations: Formalizing World-Model Non-Identifiability via an Inferencecited by 2
  28. 2022Compliance Challenges in Forensic Image Analysis Under the Artificial Intelligence Actcited by 1
  29. 2023Assessing the impact of regulations and standards on innovation in the field of AIcited by 1
  30. 2023Complying with the EU AI Actcited by 1
  31. 2024Privacy for Fairness: Information Obfuscation for Fair Representation Learning with Local Differential Privacycited by 1
  32. 2024Overlap Number of Balls Model-Agnostic CounterFactuals (ONB-MACF): A Data-Morphology-based Counterfactual Generation Method for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligencecited by 1
  33. 2024AI Act for the Working Programmercited by 1
  34. 2025Democratizing AI Governance: Balancing Expertise and Public Participationcited by 1
  35. 2025FairSense-AI: Responsible AI Meets Sustainabilitycited by 1
  36. 2025Extracting Explainable Dates From Medical Images By Reverse-Engineering UNIX Timestampscited by 1
  37. 2025Towards Better Generalization and Interpretability in Unsupervised Concept-Based Modelscited by 1
  38. 2025Operationalising AI Regulatory Sandboxes under the EU AI Act: The Triple Challenge of Capacity, Coordination and Attractiveness to Providerscited by 1

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