mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Case-based Reasoning for Natural Language Queries over Knowledge Bases

arXiv 2104.08762 ↗First posted 18 Apr 2021cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 107

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Abstract (arXiv)

It is often challenging to solve a complex problem from scratch, but much easier if we can access other similar problems with their solutions -- a paradigm known as case-based reasoning (CBR). We propose a neuro-symbolic CBR approach (CBR-KBQA) for question answering over large knowledge bases. CBR-KBQA consists of a nonparametric memory that stores cases (question and logical forms) and a parametric model that can generate a logical form for a new question by retrieving cases that are relevant to it. On several KBQA datasets that contain complex questions, CBR-KBQA achieves competitive performance. For example, on the ComplexWebQuestions dataset, CBR-KBQA outperforms the current state of the art by 11% on accuracy. Furthermore, we show that CBR-KBQA is capable of using new cases without any further training: by incorporating a few human-labeled examples in the case memory, CBR-KBQA is able to successfully generate logical forms containing unseen KB entities as well as relations.

Key facts. Cited by 107 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 52 of its 94 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Apr 2021.

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52 of 94 references.

References · 52

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38 more
  1. 2019RotatE: Knowledge Graph Embedding by Relational Rotation in Complex Spacecited by 893
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50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 28; 2023: 32; 2024: 20; 2025: 13; 2026: 7.

107 papers.

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  1. 2021Learning To Retrieve Prompts for In-Context Learningcited by 641
  2. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Generation for AI-Generated Content: A Surveycited by 352
  3. 2023Think-on-Graph: Deep and Responsible Reasoning of Large Language Model on Knowledge Graphcited by 235
  4. 2022UnifiedSKG: Unifying and Multi-Tasking Structured Knowledge Grounding with Text-to-Text Language Modelscited by 231
  5. 2023Unified Demonstration Retriever for In-Context Learningcited by 141
  6. 2024GNN-RAG: Graph Neural Retrieval for Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 128
  7. 2023Finding Support Examples for In-Context Learningcited by 104
  8. 2023Text Classification via Large Language Modelscited by 104
  9. 2022UniKGQA: Unified Retrieval and Reasoning for Solving Multi-hop Question Answering Over Knowledge Graphcited by 100
  10. 2023Large Language Models for Automated Open-domain Scientific Hypotheses Discoverycited by 100
  11. 2022Subgraph Retrieval Enhanced Model for Multi-hop Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 93
  12. 2021RnG-KBQA: Generation Augmented Iterative Ranking for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 86
38 more
  1. 2022DecAF: Joint Decoding of Answers and Logical Forms for Question Answering over Knowledge Basescited by 83
  2. 2022Sequence-to-Sequence Knowledge Graph Completion and Question Answeringcited by 75
  3. 2023TabR: Tabular Deep Learning Meets Nearest Neighbors in 2023cited by 73
  4. 2024KAG: Boosting LLMs in Professional Domains via Knowledge Augmented Generationcited by 67
  5. 2023Large Language Models are In-Context Semantic Reasoners rather than Symbolic Reasonerscited by 63
  6. 2022TIARA: Multi-grained Retrieval for Robust Question Answering over Large Knowledge Basescited by 59
  7. 2022Don't Generate, Discriminate: A Proposal for Grounding Language Models to Real-World Environmentscited by 57
  8. 2021Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Surveycited by 52
  9. 2023FlexKBQA: A Flexible LLM-Powered Framework for Few-Shot Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 51
  10. 2022ArcaneQA: Dynamic Program Induction and Contextualized Encoding for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 48
  11. 2022In-Context Learning for Few-Shot Dialogue State Trackingcited by 47
  12. 2022Retrieval-based Controllable Molecule Generationcited by 44
  13. 2023ChatKBQA: A Generate-then-Retrieve Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answering with Fine-tuned Large Language Modelscited by 44
  14. 2024Paths-over-Graph: Knowledge Graph Empowered Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 44
  15. 2024FiDeLiS: Faithful Reasoning in Large Language Model for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 38
  16. 2024Crafting Personalized Agents through Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Editable Memory Graphscited by 38
  17. 2022Is Neuro-Symbolic AI Meeting its Promise in Natural Language Processing? A Structured Reviewcited by 37
  18. 2022Language Models as Inductive Reasonerscited by 32
  19. 2022Knowledge Base Question Answering by Case-based Reasoning over Subgraphscited by 31
  20. 2023Pushing the Limits of ChatGPT on NLP Taskscited by 27
  21. 2024SPINACH: SPARQL-Based Information Navigation for Challenging Real-World Questionscited by 27
  22. 2024Interactive-KBQA: Multi-Turn Interactions for Knowledge Base Question Answering with Large Language Modelscited by 25
  23. 2022Law Informs Code: A Legal Informatics Approach to Aligning Artificial Intelligence with Humanscited by 23
  24. 2022Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Semantic Parsing Perspectivecited by 22
  25. 2023FC-KBQA: A Fine-to-Coarse Composition Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 21
  26. 2025From Few to Many: Self-Improving Many-Shot Reasoners Through Iterative Optimization and Generationcited by 20
  27. 2023An Empirical Study of Pre-trained Language Models in Simple Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 19
  28. 2023Bridging the KB-Text Gap: Leveraging Structured Knowledge-aware Pre-training for KBQAcited by 17
  29. 2024DemoRank: Selecting Effective Demonstrations for Large Language Models in Ranking Taskcited by 17
  30. 2022Retrieval-Augmented Multilingual Keyphrase Generation with Retriever-Generator Iterative Trainingcited by 16
  31. 2022NELLIE: A Neuro-Symbolic Inference Engine for Grounded, Compositional, and Explainable Reasoningcited by 16
  32. 2022ReaRev: Adaptive Reasoning for Question Answering over Knowledge Graphscited by 16
  33. 2022Uni-Parser: Unified Semantic Parser for Question Answering on Knowledge Base and Databasecited by 16
  34. 2024Enhancing Complex Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs through Evidence Pattern Retrievalcited by 16
  35. 2022Generate-and-Retrieve: use your predictions to improve retrieval for semantic parsingcited by 15
  36. 2023Question Decomposition Tree for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Basescited by 15
  37. 2022Open-domain Question Answering via Chain of Reasoning over Heterogeneous Knowledgecited by 14
  38. 2022Empowering Language Models with Knowledge Graph Reasoning for Question Answeringcited by 14

50 most cited of 107 All 107 (JSON)