mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RAT-SQL: Relation-Aware Schema Encoding and Linking for Text-to-SQL Parsers

arXiv 1911.04942 ↗First posted 10 Nov 2019cs.CL cs.AIcited by 424

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Cited by 30 in LLM agents and tool use, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

When translating natural language questions into SQL queries to answer questions from a database, contemporary semantic parsing models struggle to generalize to unseen database schemas. The generalization challenge lies in (a) encoding the database relations in an accessible way for the semantic parser, and (b) modeling alignment between database columns and their mentions in a given query. We present a unified framework, based on the relation-aware self-attention mechanism, to address schema encoding, schema linking, and feature representation within a text-to-SQL encoder. On the challenging Spider dataset this framework boosts the exact match accuracy to 57.2%, surpassing its best counterparts by 8.7% absolute improvement. Further augmented with BERT, it achieves the new state-of-the-art performance of 65.6% on the Spider leaderboard. In addition, we observe qualitative improvements in the model's understanding of schema linking and alignment. Our implementation will be open-sourced at https://github.com/Microsoft/rat-sql.

Key facts. Cited by 424 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Nov 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 57; 2022: 62; 2023: 83; 2024: 65; 2025: 86; 2026: 71.

424 papers.

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  1. 2023Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Webcited by 1,242
  2. 2023Teaching Large Language Models to Self-Debugcited by 988
  3. 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPScited by 902
  4. 2023Can LLM Already Serve as A Database Interface? A BIg Bench for Large-Scale Database Grounded Text-to-SQLscited by 688
  5. 2023DIN-SQL: Decomposed In-Context Learning of Text-to-SQL with Self-Correctioncited by 477
  6. 2021PICARD: Parsing Incrementally for Constrained Auto-Regressive Decoding from Language Modelscited by 411
  7. 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 400
  8. 2023Text-to-SQL Empowered by Large Language Models: A Benchmark Evaluationcited by 385
  9. 2023StructGPT: A General Framework for Large Language Model to Reason over Structured Datacited by 343
  10. 2023LEVER: Learning to Verify Language-to-Code Generation with Executioncited by 239
  11. 2022UnifiedSKG: Unifying and Multi-Tasking Structured Knowledge Grounding with Text-to-Text Language Modelscited by 231
  12. 2022Pre-Trained Language Models for Interactive Decision-Makingcited by 221
38 more
  1. 2023RESDSQL: Decoupling Schema Linking and Skeleton Parsing for Text-to-SQLcited by 195
  2. 2024CodeS: Towards Building Open-source Language Models for Text-to-SQLcited by 187
  3. 2024CHESS: Contextual Harnessing for Efficient SQL Synthesiscited by 169
  4. 2023C3: Zero-shot Text-to-SQL with ChatGPTcited by 164
  5. 2023MAC-SQL: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework for Text-to-SQLcited by 164
  6. 2022Synchromesh: Reliable code generation from pre-trained language modelscited by 156
  7. 2024CHASE-SQL: Multi-Path Reasoning and Preference Optimized Candidate Selection in Text-to-SQLcited by 138
  8. 2021LGESQL: Line Graph Enhanced Text-to-SQL Model with Mixed Local and Non-Local Relationscited by 119
  9. 2023A comprehensive evaluation of ChatGPT's zero-shot Text-to-SQL capabilitycited by 119
  10. 2021Towards Robustness of Text-to-SQL Models against Synonym Substitutioncited by 110
  11. 2021Case-based Reasoning for Natural Language Queries over Knowledge Basescited by 107
  12. 2021KaggleDBQA: Realistic Evaluation of Text-to-SQL Parserscited by 106
  13. 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 98
  14. 2025VerlTool: Towards Holistic Agentic Reinforcement Learning with Tool Usecited by 96
  15. 2023Graphix-T5: Mixing Pre-Trained Transformers with Graph-Aware Layers for Text-to-SQL Parsingcited by 93
  16. 2024Reducing hallucination in structured outputs via Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 93
  17. 2021Exploring Underexplored Limitations of Cross-Domain Text-to-SQL Generalizationcited by 92
  18. 2022TableFormer: Robust Transformer Modeling for Table-Text Encodingcited by 91
  19. 2025OmniSQL: Synthesizing High-quality Text-to-SQL Data at Scalecited by 91
  20. 2022RASAT: Integrating Relational Structures into Pretrained Seq2Seq Model for Text-to-SQLcited by 85
  21. 2022MapQA: A Dataset for Question Answering on Choropleth Mapscited by 85
  22. 2023Exploring Chain-of-Thought Style Prompting for Text-to-SQLcited by 69
  23. 2021Natural SQL: Making SQL Easier to Infer from Natural Language Specificationscited by 68
  24. 2024A Survey on Employing Large Language Models for Text-to-SQL Taskscited by 67
  25. 2023ACT-SQL: In-Context Learning for Text-to-SQL with Automatically-Generated Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 65
  26. 2021Meta-Learning to Compositionally Generalizecited by 62
  27. 2025Reasoning-SQL: Reinforcement Learning with SQL Tailored Partial Rewards for Reasoning-Enhanced Text-to-SQLcited by 59
  28. 2023How to Prompt LLMs for Text-to-SQL: A Study in Zero-shot, Single-domain, and Cross-domain Settingscited by 58
  29. 2022Don't Generate, Discriminate: A Proposal for Grounding Language Models to Real-World Environmentscited by 57
  30. 2024A Survey of Text-to-SQL in the Era of LLMs: Where are we, and where are we going?cited by 56
  31. 2021Unlocking Compositional Generalization in Pre-trained Models Using Intermediate Representationscited by 55
  32. 2022Augmenting Operations Research with Auto-Formulation of Optimization Models from Problem Descriptionscited by 54
  33. 2024Synthesizing Text-to-SQL Data from Weak and Strong LLMscited by 54
  34. 2023Dr.Spider: A Diagnostic Evaluation Benchmark towards Text-to-SQL Robustnesscited by 53
  35. 2025OpenSearch-SQL: Enhancing Text-to-SQL with Dynamic Few-shot and Consistency Alignmentcited by 53
  36. 2022A Survey on Text-to-SQL Parsing: Concepts, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 52
  37. 2024RSL-SQL: Robust Schema Linking in Text-to-SQL Generationcited by 52
  38. 2024Before Generation, Align it! A Novel and Effective Strategy for Mitigating Hallucinations in Text-to-SQL Generationcited by 50

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