mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

DecAF: Joint Decoding of Answers and Logical Forms for Question Answering over Knowledge Bases

arXiv 2210.00063 ↗First posted 30 Sep 2022cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 83

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Cited by 35 in LLM reasoning, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Question answering over knowledge bases (KBs) aims to answer natural language questions with factual information such as entities and relations in KBs. Previous methods either generate logical forms that can be executed over KBs to obtain final answers or predict answers directly. Empirical results show that the former often produces more accurate answers, but it suffers from non-execution issues due to potential syntactic and semantic errors in the generated logical forms. In this work, we propose a novel framework DecAF that jointly generates both logical forms and direct answers, and then combines the merits of them to get the final answers. Moreover, different from most of the previous methods, DecAF is based on simple free-text retrieval without relying on any entity linking tools -- this simplification eases its adaptation to different datasets. DecAF achieves new state-of-the-art accuracy on WebQSP, FreebaseQA, and GrailQA benchmarks, while getting competitive results on the ComplexWebQuestions benchmark.

Key facts. Cited by 83 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2022.

Builds on

26 of 47 references.

References · 26

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  3. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
  4. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
  5. 2017Billion-scale similarity search with GPUscited by 2,477
  6. 2020Leveraging Passage Retrieval with Generative Models for Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 1,203
  7. 2017Reading Wikipedia to Answer Open-Domain Questionscited by 777
  8. 2018The Web as a Knowledge-base for Answering Complex Questionscited by 409
  9. 2022UnifiedSKG: Unifying and Multi-Tasking Structured Knowledge Grounding with Text-to-Text Language Modelscited by 231
  10. 2019PullNet: Open Domain Question Answering with Iterative Retrieval on Knowledge Bases and Textcited by 182
  11. 2020Beyond I.I.D.: Three Levels of Generalization for Question Answering on Knowledge Basescited by 169
  12. 2020Answering Complex Open-Domain Questions with Multi-Hop Dense Retrievalcited by 160
14 more
  1. 2021Case-based Reasoning for Natural Language Queries over Knowledge Basescited by 107
  2. 2021Improving Multi-hop Knowledge Base Question Answering by Learning Intermediate Supervision Signalscited by 100
  3. 2022Subgraph Retrieval Enhanced Model for Multi-hop Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 93
  4. 2021RnG-KBQA: Generation Augmented Iterative Ranking for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 86
  5. 2020Efficient One-Pass End-to-End Entity Linking for Questionscited by 76
  6. 2022Sequence-to-Sequence Knowledge Graph Completion and Question Answeringcited by 75
  7. 2020UniK-QA: Unified Representations of Structured and Unstructured Knowledge for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 61
  8. 2022ArcaneQA: Dynamic Program Induction and Contextualized Encoding for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 48
  9. 2020Answering Open-Domain Questions of Varying Reasoning Steps from Textcited by 43
  10. 2021Program Transfer for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Basescited by 34
  11. 2022Knowledge Base Question Answering by Case-based Reasoning over Subgraphscited by 31
  12. 2021Dual Reader-Parser on Hybrid Textual and Tabular Evidence for Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 25
  13. 2022Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Semantic Parsing Perspectivecited by 22
  14. 2021Outlining and Filling: Hierarchical Query Graph Generation for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Graphscited by 16

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 17; 2024: 20; 2025: 29; 2026: 14.

83 papers.

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  1. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Generation for AI-Generated Content: A Surveycited by 352
  2. 2023Reasoning on Graphs: Faithful and Interpretable Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 326
  3. 2023Think-on-Graph: Deep and Responsible Reasoning of Large Language Model on Knowledge Graphcited by 235
  4. 2024GNN-RAG: Graph Neural Retrieval for Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 128
  5. 2023LLMs for Knowledge Graph Construction and Reasoning: Recent Capabilities and Future Opportunitiescited by 97
  6. 2023Knowledge-Driven CoT: Exploring Faithful Reasoning in LLMs for Knowledge-intensive Question Answeringcited by 97
  7. 2024Plan-on-Graph: Self-Correcting Adaptive Planning of Large Language Model on Knowledge Graphscited by 77
  8. 2023Few-shot In-context Learning for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 74
  9. 2022Don't Generate, Discriminate: A Proposal for Grounding Language Models to Real-World Environmentscited by 57
  10. 2023KnowledGPT: Enhancing Large Language Models with Retrieval and Storage Access on Knowledge Basescited by 52
  11. 2023FlexKBQA: A Flexible LLM-Powered Framework for Few-Shot Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 51
  12. 2023ChatKBQA: A Generate-then-Retrieve Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answering with Fine-tuned Large Language Modelscited by 44
38 more
  1. 2024Middleware for LLMs: Tools Are Instrumental for Language Agents in Complex Environmentscited by 39
  2. 2024FiDeLiS: Faithful Reasoning in Large Language Model for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 38
  3. 2024QueryAgent: A Reliable and Efficient Reasoning Framework with Environmental Feedback-based Self-Correctioncited by 27
  4. 2024SPINACH: SPARQL-Based Information Navigation for Challenging Real-World Questionscited by 27
  5. 2024Interactive-KBQA: Multi-Turn Interactions for Knowledge Base Question Answering with Large Language Modelscited by 25
  6. 2024Harnessing Large Language Models for Knowledge Graph Question Answering via Adaptive Multi-Aspect Retrieval-Augmentationcited by 24
  7. 2025KBQA-o1: Agentic Knowledge Base Question Answering with Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 21
  8. 2024MINTQA: A Multi-Hop Question Answering Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on New and Tail Knowledgecited by 20
  9. 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
  10. 2023Bridging the KB-Text Gap: Leveraging Structured Knowledge-aware Pre-training for KBQAcited by 17
  11. 2022Uni-Parser: Unified Semantic Parser for Question Answering on Knowledge Base and Databasecited by 16
  12. 2023keqing: knowledge-based question answering is a nature chain-of-thought mentor of LLMcited by 16
  13. 2024Enhancing Complex Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs through Evidence Pattern Retrievalcited by 16
  14. 2024An Enhanced Prompt-Based LLM Reasoning Scheme via Knowledge Graph-Integrated Collaborationcited by 16
  15. 2025Ontology-Guided Reverse Thinking Makes Large Language Models Stronger on Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 15
  16. 2022Open-domain Question Answering via Chain of Reasoning over Heterogeneous Knowledgecited by 14
  17. 2024EffiQA: Efficient Question-Answering with Strategic Multi-Model Collaboration on Knowledge Graphscited by 14
  18. 2023Code-Style In-Context Learning for Knowledge-Based Question Answeringcited by 13
  19. 2024EWEK-QA: Enhanced Web and Efficient Knowledge Graph Retrieval for Citation-based Question Answering Systemscited by 13
  20. 2024CypherBench: Towards Precise Retrieval over Full-scale Modern Knowledge Graphs in the LLM Eracited by 13
  21. 2023Bring Your Own KG: Self-Supervised Program Synthesis for Zero-Shot KGQAcited by 11
  22. 2025Diagnosing and Addressing Pitfalls in KG-RAG Datasets: Toward More Reliable Benchmarkingcited by 11
  23. 2025BYOKG-RAG: Multi-Strategy Graph Retrieval for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 10
  24. 2024Adapting to Non-Stationary Environments: Multi-Armed Bandit Enhanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Knowledge Graphscited by 9
  25. 2025FRAG: A Flexible Modular Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation based on Knowledge Graphscited by 8
  26. 2025Beyond Seen Data: Improving KBQA Generalization Through Schema-Guided Logical Form Generationcited by 8
  27. 2023NuTrea: Neural Tree Search for Context-guided Multi-hop KGQAcited by 7
  28. 2024LEGO-GraphRAG: Modularizing Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Design Space Explorationcited by 7
  29. 2025Grounding LLM Reasoning with Knowledge Graphscited by 7
  30. 2025General Table Question Answering via Answer-Formula Joint Generationcited by 7
  31. 2025Enrich-on-Graph: Query-Graph Alignment for Complex Reasoning with LLM Enrichingcited by 7
  32. 2025MCTS-KBQA: Monte Carlo Tree Search with Information Gain Rewards for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 6
  33. 2025DAMR: Efficient and Adaptive Context-Aware Knowledge Graph Question Answering with LLM-Guided MCTScited by 6
  34. 2024How Proficient Are Large Language Models in Formal Languages? An In-Depth Insight for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 5
  35. 2024SPARKLE: Enhancing SPARQL Generation with Direct KG Integration in Decodingcited by 5
  36. 2025KERAG: Knowledge-Enhanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Advanced Question Answeringcited by 5
  37. 2025Search-on-Graph: Iterative Informed Navigation for Large Language Model Reasoning on Knowledge Graphscited by 5
  38. 2023Towards CausalGPT: A Multi-Agent Approach for Faithful Knowledge Reasoning via Promoting Causal Consistency in LLMscited by 4

50 most cited of 83 All 83 (JSON)