mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ArcaneQA: Dynamic Program Induction and Contextualized Encoding for Knowledge Base Question Answering

arXiv 2204.08109 ↗First posted 17 Apr 2022cs.CLcited by 48

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Abstract (arXiv)

Question answering on knowledge bases (KBQA) poses a unique challenge for semantic parsing research due to two intertwined challenges: large search space and ambiguities in schema linking. Conventional ranking-based KBQA models, which rely on a candidate enumeration step to reduce the search space, struggle with flexibility in predicting complicated queries and have impractical running time. In this paper, we present ArcaneQA, a novel generation-based model that addresses both the large search space and the schema linking challenges in a unified framework with two mutually boosting ingredients: dynamic program induction for tackling the large search space and dynamic contextualized encoding for schema linking. Experimental results on multiple popular KBQA datasets demonstrate the highly competitive performance of ArcaneQA in both effectiveness and efficiency.

Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2022.

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25 of 48 references.

References · 25

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  3. 2014Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translatecited by 4,530
  4. 2014Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networkscited by 2,974
  5. 2018Spider: A Large-Scale Human-Labeled Dataset for Complex and Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing and Text-to-SQL Taskcited by 1,120
  6. 2017Seq2SQL: Generating Structured Queries from Natural Language using Reinforcement Learningcited by 679
  7. 2019RAT-SQL: Relation-Aware Schema Encoding and Linking for Text-to-SQL Parserscited by 420
  8. 2021PICARD: Parsing Incrementally for Constrained Auto-Regressive Decoding from Language Modelscited by 402
  9. 2018AllenNLP: A Deep Semantic Natural Language Processing Platformcited by 347
  10. 2022UnifiedSKG: Unifying and Multi-Tasking Structured Knowledge Grounding with Text-to-Text Language Modelscited by 231
  11. 2020Beyond I.I.D.: Three Levels of Generalization for Question Answering on Knowledge Basescited by 169
  12. 2016Language to Logical Form with Neural Attentioncited by 158
13 more
  1. 2020Task-Oriented Dialogue as Dataflow Synthesiscited by 122
  2. 2021Case-based Reasoning for Natural Language Queries over Knowledge Basescited by 107
  3. 2016Neural Symbolic Machines: Learning Semantic Parsers on Freebase with Weak Supervisioncited by 101
  4. 2020SmBoP: Semi-autoregressive Bottom-up Semantic Parsingcited by 97
  5. 2019A Comprehensive Exploration on WikiSQL with Table-Aware Word Contextualizationcited by 88
  6. 2021RnG-KBQA: Generation Augmented Iterative Ranking for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 86
  7. 2019Editing-Based SQL Query Generation for Cross-Domain Context-Dependent Questionscited by 80
  8. 2018Robust Text-to-SQL Generation with Execution-Guided Decodingcited by 51
  9. 2020SPARQA: Skeleton-based Semantic Parsing for Complex Questions over Knowledge Basescited by 47
  10. 2017Learning to Paraphrase for Question Answeringcited by 46
  11. 2019UHop: An Unrestricted-Hop Relation Extraction Framework for Knowledge-Based Question Answeringcited by 37
  12. 2017Universal Semantic Parsingcited by 21
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 14; 2024: 16; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agentscited by 1,211
  2. 2023Reasoning on Graphs: Faithful and Interpretable Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 326
  3. 2024Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Surveycited by 320
  4. 2024KG-Agent: An Efficient Autonomous Agent Framework for Complex Reasoning over Knowledge Graphcited by 90
  5. 2022DecAF: Joint Decoding of Answers and Logical Forms for Question Answering over Knowledge Basescited by 83
  6. 2023Few-shot In-context Learning for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 74
  7. 2023Can ChatGPT Replace Traditional KBQA Models? An In-depth Analysis of the Question Answering Performance of the GPT LLM Familycited by 71
  8. 2024TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-based Agentscited by 62
  9. 2022TIARA: Multi-grained Retrieval for Robust Question Answering over Large Knowledge Basescited by 59
  10. 2022Don't Generate, Discriminate: A Proposal for Grounding Language Models to Real-World Environmentscited by 57
  11. 2023FlexKBQA: A Flexible LLM-Powered Framework for Few-Shot Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 51
  12. 2023ChatKBQA: A Generate-then-Retrieve Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answering with Fine-tuned Large Language Modelscited by 44
36 more
  1. 2024Middleware for LLMs: Tools Are Instrumental for Language Agents in Complex Environmentscited by 39
  2. 2024FiDeLiS: Faithful Reasoning in Large Language Model for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 38
  3. 2024SPINACH: SPARQL-Based Information Navigation for Challenging Real-World Questionscited by 27
  4. 2022Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Semantic Parsing Perspectivecited by 22
  5. 2025KBQA-o1: Agentic Knowledge Base Question Answering with Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 21
  6. 2023An Empirical Study of Pre-trained Language Models in Simple Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 19
  7. 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
  8. 2022Uni-Parser: Unified Semantic Parser for Question Answering on Knowledge Base and Databasecited by 16
  9. 2022GraphQ IR: Unifying the Semantic Parsing of Graph Query Languages with One Intermediate Representationcited by 13
  10. 2023Code-Style In-Context Learning for Knowledge-Based Question Answeringcited by 13
  11. 2023SUQL: Conversational Search over Structured and Unstructured Data with Large Language Modelscited by 13
  12. 2023Bring Your Own KG: Self-Supervised Program Synthesis for Zero-Shot KGQAcited by 11
  13. 2024Right for Right Reasons: Large Language Models for Verifiable Commonsense Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 11
  14. 2025BYOKG-RAG: Multi-Strategy Graph Retrieval for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 10
  15. 2024Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering: A Surveycited by 9
  16. 2023Make a Choice! Knowledge Base Question Answering with In-Context Learningcited by 8
  17. 2025iQUEST: An Iterative Question-Guided Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 8
  18. 2025EPERM: An Evidence Path Enhanced Reasoning Model for Knowledge Graph Question and Answeringcited by 7
  19. 2024Multi-hop Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs using Large Language Modelscited by 6
  20. 2024Self-Improvement Programming for Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 5
  21. 2024SPARKLE: Enhancing SPARQL Generation with Direct KG Integration in Decodingcited by 5
  22. 2024TARGA: Targeted Synthetic Data Generation for Practical Reasoning over Structured Datacited by 5
  23. 2025KERAG: Knowledge-Enhanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Advanced Question Answeringcited by 5
  24. 2023Data Distribution Bottlenecks in Grounding Language Models to Knowledge Basescited by 3
  25. 2025Enhancing Large Language Models with Reward-guided Tree Search for Knowledge Graph Question and Answeringcited by 3
  26. 2025KBQA-R1: Reinforcing Large Language Models for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 3
  27. 2023Fine-tuned LLMs Know More, Hallucinate Less with Few-Shot Sequence-to-Sequence Semantic Parsing over Wikidatacited by 2
  28. 2024BERTologyNavigator: Advanced Question Answering with BERT-based Semanticscited by 2
  29. 2023Cross-Lingual Question Answering over Knowledge Base as Reading Comprehensioncited by 1
  30. 2024KB-Plugin: A Plug-and-play Framework for Large Language Models to Induce Programs over Low-resourced Knowledge Basescited by 1
  31. 2024Semantic Parsing with Candidate Expressions for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 1
  32. 2024Lexicalization Is All You Need: Examining the Impact of Lexical Knowledge in a Compositional QALD Systemcited by 1
  33. 2025ZOGRASCOPE: A New Benchmark for Semantic Parsing over Property Graphscited by 1
  34. 2026Which bird does not have wings: Negative-constrained KGQA with Schema-guided Semantic Matching and Self-directed Refinementcited by 0
  35. 2026CacheRAG: A Semantic Caching System for Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 0
  36. 2026Graph Query Generation with Constraint-guided Large Language Agentscited by 0