mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

RnG-KBQA: Generation Augmented Iterative Ranking for Knowledge Base Question Answering

arXiv 2109.08678 ↗First posted 17 Sep 2021cs.CLcited by 86

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Cited by 20 in LLM reasoning, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Existing KBQA approaches, despite achieving strong performance on i.i.d. test data, often struggle in generalizing to questions involving unseen KB schema items. Prior ranking-based approaches have shown some success in generalization, but suffer from the coverage issue. We present RnG-KBQA, a Rank-and-Generate approach for KBQA, which remedies the coverage issue with a generation model while preserving a strong generalization capability. Our approach first uses a contrastive ranker to rank a set of candidate logical forms obtained by searching over the knowledge graph. It then introduces a tailored generation model conditioned on the question and the top-ranked candidates to compose the final logical form. We achieve new state-of-the-art results on GrailQA and WebQSP datasets. In particular, our method surpasses the prior state-of-the-art by a large margin on the GrailQA leaderboard. In addition, RnG-KBQA outperforms all prior approaches on the popular WebQSP benchmark, even including the ones that use the oracle entity linking. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the interplay between ranking and generation, which leads to the superior performance of our proposed approach across all settings with especially strong improvements in zero-shot generalization.

Key facts. Cited by 86 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Sep 2021.

Builds on

23 of 42 references.

References · 23

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  4. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
  5. 2019PullNet: Open Domain Question Answering with Iterative Retrieval on Knowledge Bases and Textcited by 182
  6. 2017Variational Reasoning for Question Answering with Knowledge Graphcited by 170
  7. 2020Beyond I.I.D.: Three Levels of Generalization for Question Answering on Knowledge Basescited by 169
  8. 2018Open Domain Question Answering Using Early Fusion of Knowledge Bases and Textcited by 167
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11 more
  1. 2017Abstract Syntax Networks for Code Generation and Semantic Parsingcited by 92
  2. 2020Efficient One-Pass End-to-End Entity Linking for Questionscited by 76
  3. 2021TransferNet: An Effective and Transparent Framework for Multi-hop Question Answering over Relation Graphcited by 60
  4. 2020SPARQA: Skeleton-based Semantic Parsing for Complex Questions over Knowledge Basescited by 47
  5. 2019UHop: An Unrestricted-Hop Relation Extraction Framework for Knowledge-Based Question Answeringcited by 37
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 13; 2023: 24; 2024: 22; 2025: 18; 2026: 8.

86 papers.

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  1. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Generation for AI-Generated Content: A Surveycited by 352
  2. 2023Reasoning on Graphs: Faithful and Interpretable Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 326
  3. 2024Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Surveycited by 320
  4. 2022UnifiedSKG: Unifying and Multi-Tasking Structured Knowledge Grounding with Text-to-Text Language Modelscited by 231
  5. 2024GNN-RAG: Graph Neural Retrieval for Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 128
  6. 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
  7. 2024KG-Agent: An Efficient Autonomous Agent Framework for Complex Reasoning over Knowledge Graphcited by 90
  8. 2022DecAF: Joint Decoding of Answers and Logical Forms for Question Answering over Knowledge Basescited by 83
  9. 2024Plan-on-Graph: Self-Correcting Adaptive Planning of Large Language Model on Knowledge Graphscited by 77
  10. 2023Few-shot In-context Learning for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 74
  11. 2023Can ChatGPT Replace Traditional KBQA Models? An In-depth Analysis of the Question Answering Performance of the GPT LLM Familycited by 71
  12. 2024Agents in Software Engineering: Survey, Landscape, and Visioncited by 60
38 more
  1. 2022TIARA: Multi-grained Retrieval for Robust Question Answering over Large Knowledge Basescited by 59
  2. 2022Don't Generate, Discriminate: A Proposal for Grounding Language Models to Real-World Environmentscited by 57
  3. 2023FlexKBQA: A Flexible LLM-Powered Framework for Few-Shot Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 51
  4. 2022ArcaneQA: Dynamic Program Induction and Contextualized Encoding for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 48
  5. 2023ChatKBQA: A Generate-then-Retrieve Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answering with Fine-tuned Large Language Modelscited by 44
  6. 2024Paths-over-Graph: Knowledge Graph Empowered Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 44
  7. 2024Crafting Personalized Agents through Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Editable Memory Graphscited by 38
  8. 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computingcited by 34
  9. 2024SPINACH: SPARQL-Based Information Navigation for Challenging Real-World Questionscited by 27
  10. 2024Interactive-KBQA: Multi-Turn Interactions for Knowledge Base Question Answering with Large Language Modelscited by 25
  11. 2022Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Semantic Parsing Perspectivecited by 22
  12. 2023FC-KBQA: A Fine-to-Coarse Composition Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 21
  13. 2023Prompting Large Language Models with Chain-of-Thought for Few-Shot Knowledge Base Question Generationcited by 21
  14. 2025KBQA-o1: Agentic Knowledge Base Question Answering with Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 21
  15. 2023An Empirical Study of Pre-trained Language Models in Simple Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 19
  16. 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
  17. 2023Bridging the KB-Text Gap: Leveraging Structured Knowledge-aware Pre-training for KBQAcited by 17
  18. 2022Uni-Parser: Unified Semantic Parser for Question Answering on Knowledge Base and Databasecited by 16
  19. 2024Enhancing Complex Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs through Evidence Pattern Retrievalcited by 16
  20. 2023Question Decomposition Tree for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Basescited by 15
  21. 2022GraphQ IR: Unifying the Semantic Parsing of Graph Query Languages with One Intermediate Representationcited by 13
  22. 2023Code-Style In-Context Learning for Knowledge-Based Question Answeringcited by 13
  23. 2023Knowledge Crosswords: Geometric Knowledge Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 11
  24. 2023Bring Your Own KG: Self-Supervised Program Synthesis for Zero-Shot KGQAcited by 11
  25. 2025BYOKG-RAG: Multi-Strategy Graph Retrieval for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 10
  26. 2025What Breaks Knowledge Graph based RAG? Benchmarking and Empirical Insights into Reasoning under Incomplete Knowledgecited by 9
  27. 2022T5QL: Taming language models for SQL generationcited by 8
  28. 2023Make a Choice! Knowledge Base Question Answering with In-Context Learningcited by 8
  29. 2025FRAG: A Flexible Modular Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation based on Knowledge Graphscited by 8
  30. 2025iQUEST: An Iterative Question-Guided Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 8
  31. 2022Do I have the Knowledge to Answer? Investigating Answerability of Knowledge Base Questionscited by 7
  32. 2023Pay More Attention to Relation Exploration for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 7
  33. 2025EPERM: An Evidence Path Enhanced Reasoning Model for Knowledge Graph Question and Answeringcited by 7
  34. 2025Reason-Align-Respond: Aligning LLM Reasoning with Knowledge Graphs for KGQAcited by 7
  35. 2022CBR-iKB: A Case-Based Reasoning Approach for Question Answering over Incomplete Knowledge Basescited by 6
  36. 2023Few-shot Transfer Learning for Knowledge Base Question Answering: Fusing Supervised Models with In-Context Learningcited by 6
  37. 2024Multi-hop Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs using Large Language Modelscited by 6
  38. 2023HPE:Answering Complex Questions over Text by Hybrid Question Parsing and Executioncited by 5

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