mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Open Domain Question Answering Using Early Fusion of Knowledge Bases and Text

arXiv 1809.00782 ↗First posted 4 Sep 2018cs.CL cs.LGcited by 167

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Cited by 36 in LLM reasoning, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Open Domain Question Answering (QA) is evolving from complex pipelined systems to end-to-end deep neural networks. Specialized neural models have been developed for extracting answers from either text alone or Knowledge Bases (KBs) alone. In this paper we look at a more practical setting, namely QA over the combination of a KB and entity-linked text, which is appropriate when an incomplete KB is available with a large text corpus. Building on recent advances in graph representation learning we propose a novel model, GRAFT-Net, for extracting answers from a question-specific subgraph containing text and KB entities and relations. We construct a suite of benchmark tasks for this problem, varying the difficulty of questions, the amount of training data, and KB completeness. We show that GRAFT-Net is competitive with the state-of-the-art when tested using either KBs or text alone, and vastly outperforms existing methods in the combined setting. Source code is available at https://github.com/OceanskySun/GraftNet .

Key facts. Cited by 167 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Sep 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 47; 2022: 23; 2023: 29; 2024: 21; 2025: 28; 2026: 19.

167 papers.

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  1. 2022A-OKVQA: A Benchmark for Visual Question Answering using World Knowledgecited by 702
  2. 2021QA-GNN: Reasoning with Language Models and Knowledge Graphs for Question Answeringcited by 386
  3. 2023StructGPT: A General Framework for Large Language Model to Reason over Structured Datacited by 339
  4. 2023Reasoning on Graphs: Faithful and Interpretable Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 326
  5. 2024Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Surveycited by 320
  6. 2021Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 178
  7. 2022Deep Bidirectional Language-Knowledge Graph Pretrainingcited by 156
  8. 2024GNN-RAG: Graph Neural Retrieval for Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 128
  9. 2023Knowledge-Augmented Language Model Prompting for Zero-Shot Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 119
  10. 2021Case-based Reasoning for Natural Language Queries over Knowledge Basescited by 107
  11. 2021Improving Multi-hop Knowledge Base Question Answering by Learning Intermediate Supervision Signalscited by 100
  12. 2022UniKGQA: Unified Retrieval and Reasoning for Solving Multi-hop Question Answering Over Knowledge Graphcited by 100
38 more
  1. 2022Subgraph Retrieval Enhanced Model for Multi-hop Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 93
  2. 2024KG-Agent: An Efficient Autonomous Agent Framework for Complex Reasoning over Knowledge Graphcited by 90
  3. 2021RnG-KBQA: Generation Augmented Iterative Ranking for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 86
  4. 2021Size-Invariant Graph Representations for Graph Classification Extrapolationscited by 82
  5. 2024Simple Is Effective: The Roles of Graphs and Large Language Models in Knowledge-Graph-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 78
  6. 2021A Survey on Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering: Methods, Challenges and Solutionscited by 77
  7. 2021Open Domain Question Answering over Tables via Dense Retrievalcited by 74
  8. 2023Few-shot In-context Learning for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 74
  9. 2021Complex Temporal Question Answering on Knowledge Graphscited by 69
  10. 2021KG-FiD: Infusing Knowledge Graph in Fusion-in-Decoder for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 66
  11. 2021TransferNet: An Effective and Transparent Framework for Multi-hop Question Answering over Relation Graphcited by 60
  12. 2022TIARA: Multi-grained Retrieval for Robust Question Answering over Large Knowledge Basescited by 59
  13. 2021Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Surveycited by 52
  14. 2024Graph-constrained Reasoning: Faithful Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs with Large Language Modelscited by 47
  15. 2023ChatKBQA: A Generate-then-Retrieve Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answering with Fine-tuned Large Language Modelscited by 44
  16. 2022Knowledge Injected Prompt Based Fine-tuning for Multi-label Few-shot ICD Codingcited by 40
  17. 2021TWEAC: Transformer with Extendable QA Agent Classifierscited by 37
  18. 2021Program Transfer for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Basescited by 34
  19. 2025A Survey on Knowledge-Oriented Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 34
  20. 2021Select, Substitute, Search: A New Benchmark for Knowledge-Augmented Visual Question Answeringcited by 33
  21. 2021Phrase Retrieval Learns Passage Retrieval, Toocited by 33
  22. 2023KG-GPT: A General Framework for Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs Using Large Language Modelscited by 32
  23. 2022Knowledge Base Question Answering by Case-based Reasoning over Subgraphscited by 31
  24. 2024Knowledge Graph-Enhanced Large Language Models via Path Selectioncited by 28
  25. 2024SPINACH: SPARQL-Based Information Navigation for Challenging Real-World Questionscited by 27
  26. 2021TempoQR: Temporal Question Reasoning over Knowledge Graphscited by 26
  27. 2022Conversational Question Answering on Heterogeneous Sourcescited by 26
  28. 2021Geographic Question Answering: Challenges, Uniqueness, Classification, and Future Directionscited by 24
  29. 2024HOLMES: Hyper-Relational Knowledge Graphs for Multi-hop Question Answering using LLMscited by 24
  30. 2023ReasoningLM: Enabling Structural Subgraph Reasoning in Pre-trained Language Models for Question Answering over Knowledge Graphcited by 23
  31. 2022Variational Reasoning over Incomplete Knowledge Graphs for Conversational Recommendationcited by 22
  32. 2023KnowledgeNavigator: Leveraging Large Language Models for Enhanced Reasoning over Knowledge Graphcited by 22
  33. 2021Representations for Question Answering from Documents with Tables and Textcited by 21
  34. 2023Exploring New Frontiers in Agricultural NLP: Investigating the Potential of Large Language Models for Food Applicationscited by 21
  35. 2023Memory Injections: Correcting Multi-Hop Reasoning Failures during Inference in Transformer-Based Language Modelscited by 21
  36. 2025KBQA-o1: Agentic Knowledge Base Question Answering with Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 21
  37. 2021Think about it! Improving defeasible reasoning by first modeling the question scenariocited by 20
  38. 2021Will this Question be Answered? Question Filtering via Answer Model Distillation for Efficient Question Answeringcited by 19

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