mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

PGNet: Real-time Arbitrarily-Shaped Text Spotting with Point Gathering Network

arXiv 2104.05458 ↗First posted 12 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 49

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Abstract (arXiv)

The reading of arbitrarily-shaped text has received increasing research attention. However, existing text spotters are mostly built on two-stage frameworks or character-based methods, which suffer from either Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS), Region-of-Interest (RoI) operations, or character-level annotations. In this paper, to address the above problems, we propose a novel fully convolutional Point Gathering Network (PGNet) for reading arbitrarily-shaped text in real-time. The PGNet is a single-shot text spotter, where the pixel-level character classification map is learned with proposed PG-CTC loss avoiding the usage of character-level annotations. With a PG-CTC decoder, we gather high-level character classification vectors from two-dimensional space and decode them into text symbols without NMS and RoI operations involved, which guarantees high efficiency. Additionally, reasoning the relations between each character and its neighbors, a graph refinement module (GRM) is proposed to optimize the coarse recognition and improve the end-to-end performance. Experiments prove that the proposed method achieves competitive accuracy, meanwhile significantly improving the running speed. In particular, in Total-Text, it runs at 46.7 FPS, surpassing the previous spotters with a large margin.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2021.

Builds on

33 of 43 references.

References · 33

  1. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  2. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  3. 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,829
  4. 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,125
  5. 2015Fast R-CNNcited by 2,930
  6. 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2,906
  7. 2016V-Net: Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Volumetric Medical Image Segmentationcited by 2,284
  8. 2015An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Image-based Sequence Recognition and Its Application to Scene Text Recognitioncited by 519
  9. 2016Synthetic Data for Text Localisation in Natural Imagescited by 396
  10. 2017EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detectorcited by 248
  11. 2019What Is Wrong With Scene Text Recognition Model Comparisons? Dataset and Model Analysiscited by 191
  12. 2019Mask TextSpotter: An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Spotting Text with Arbitrary Shapescited by 171
21 more
  1. 2020ABCNet: Real-time Scene Text Spotting with Adaptive Bezier-Curve Networkcited by 170
  2. 2017Total-Text: A Comprehensive Dataset for Scene Text Detection and Recognitioncited by 161
  3. 2019Shape Robust Text Detection with Progressive Scale Expansion Networkcited by 147
  4. 2019ICDAR2019 Robust Reading Challenge on Arbitrary-Shaped Text (RRC-ArT)cited by 147
  5. 2020Towards Accurate Scene Text Recognition with Semantic Reasoning Networkscited by 131
  6. 2016TextBoxes: A Fast Text Detector with a Single Deep Neural Networkcited by 119
  7. 2018TextSnake: A Flexible Representation for Detecting Text of Arbitrary Shapescited by 114
  8. 2018FOTS: Fast Oriented Text Spotting with a Unified Networkcited by 109
  9. 2019Editing Text in the Wildcited by 81
  10. 2018ESIR: End-to-end Scene Text Recognition via Iterative Image Rectificationcited by 79
  11. 2020Deep Relational Reasoning Graph Network for Arbitrary Shape Text Detectioncited by 77
  12. 2016Recursive Recurrent Nets with Attention Modeling for OCR in the Wildcited by 74
  13. 2019Look More Than Once: An Accurate Detector for Text of Arbitrary Shapescited by 66
  14. 2019All You Need Is Boundary: Toward Arbitrary-Shaped Text Spottingcited by 66
  15. 2019Convolutional Character Networkscited by 61
  16. 2019Linkage Based Face Clustering via Graph Convolution Networkcited by 55
  17. 2020GTC: Guided Training of CTC Towards Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Recognitioncited by 52
  18. 2020Text Perceptron: Towards End-to-End Arbitrary-Shaped Text Spottingcited by 51
  19. 2018TextNet: Irregular Text Reading from Images with an End-to-End Trainable Networkcited by 16
  20. 20192D-CTC for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 13
  21. 2019A Single-Shot Arbitrarily-Shaped Text Detector based on Context Attended Multi-Task Learningcited by 12

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 9; 2023: 10; 2024: 16; 2025: 6; 2026: 4.

49 papers.

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  1. 2024OmniDocBench: Benchmarking Diverse PDF Document Parsing with Comprehensive Annotationscited by 144
  2. 2021StrucTexT: Structured Text Understanding with Multi-Modal Transformerscited by 90
  3. 2022DeepSolo: Let Transformer Decoder with Explicit Points Solo for Text Spottingcited by 74
  4. 2024OmniParser: A Unified Framework for Text Spotting, Key Information Extraction and Table Recognitioncited by 74
  5. 2022SwinTextSpotter: Scene Text Spotting via Better Synergy between Text Detection and Text Recognitioncited by 70
  6. 2022Text Spotting Transformerscited by 70
  7. 2023SPTS v2: Single-Point Scene Text Spottingcited by 66
  8. 2021SPTS: Single-Point Text Spottingcited by 45
  9. 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understandingcited by 40
  10. 2022ABINet++: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Spottingcited by 40
  11. 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review and Applicationscited by 37
  12. 2022Optimal Boxes: Boosting End-to-End Scene Text Recognition by Adjusting Annotated Bounding Boxes via Reinforcement Learningcited by 33
37 more
  1. 2023ESTextSpotter: Towards Better Scene Text Spotting with Explicit Synergy in Transformercited by 29
  2. 2023Towards Unified Scene Text Spotting based on Sequence Generationcited by 27
  3. 2021TPSNet: Reverse Thinking of Thin Plate Splines for Arbitrary Shape Scene Text Representationcited by 26
  4. 2025OmniParser V2: Structured-Points-of-Thought for Unified Visual Text Parsing and Its Generality to Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 22
  5. 2024DNTextSpotter: Arbitrary-Shaped Scene Text Spotting via Improved Denoising Trainingcited by 11
  6. 2024Arbitrary Reading Order Scene Text Spotter with Local Semantics Guidancecited by 11
  7. 2023Turning a CLIP Model into a Scene Text Spottercited by 9
  8. 2024Inverse-like Antagonistic Scene Text Spotting via Reading-Order Estimation and Dynamic Samplingcited by 9
  9. 2024Bridging the Gap Between End-to-End and Two-Step Text Spottingcited by 9
  10. 2022DEER: Detection-agnostic End-to-End Recognizer for Scene Text Spottingcited by 7
  11. 2023DeepSolo++: Let Transformer Decoder with Explicit Points Solo for Multilingual Text Spottingcited by 7
  12. 2024InstructOCR: Instruction Boosting Scene Text Spottingcited by 7
  13. 2025Hyper-Local Deformable Transformers for Text Spotting on Historical Mapscited by 7
  14. 2023A3S: Adversarial learning of semantic representations for Scene-Text Spottingcited by 6
  15. 2024Focus, Distinguish, and Prompt: Unleashing CLIP for Efficient and Flexible Scene Text Retrievalcited by 6
  16. 2024SwinTextSpotter v2: Towards Better Synergy for Scene Text Spottingcited by 5
  17. 2022Dynamic Low-Resolution Distillation for Cost-Efficient End-to-End Text Spottingcited by 2
  18. 2023TextFormer: A Query-based End-to-End Text Spotter with Mixed Supervisioncited by 2
  19. 2023Diving into the Depths of Spotting Text in Multi-Domain Noisy Scenescited by 2
  20. 2024Mixed-Query Transformer: A Unified Image Segmentation Architecturecited by 2
  21. 2024FastTextSpotter: A High-Efficiency Transformer for Multilingual Scene Text Spottingcited by 2
  22. 2025Efficient Medical VIE via Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
  23. 2025Beyond Blanket Masking: Examining Granularity for Privacy Protection in Images Captured by Blind and Low Vision Userscited by 2
  24. 2022DavarOCR: A Toolbox for OCR and Multi-Modal Document Understandingcited by 1
  25. 2022Single Shot Self-Reliant Scene Text Spotter by Decoupled yet Collaborative Detection and Recognitioncited by 1
  26. 2026SEA-Vision: A Multilingual Benchmark for Comprehensive Document and Scene Text Understanding in Southeast Asiacited by 1
  27. 2023Universal Defensive Underpainting Patch: Making Your Text Invisible to Optical Character Recognitioncited by 0
  28. 2023Word length-aware text spotting: Enhancing detection and recognition in dense text imagecited by 0
  29. 2024Ensemble Learning for Vietnamese Scene Text Spotting in Urban Environmentscited by 0
  30. 2024AHMF: Adaptive Hybrid-Memory-Fusion Model for Driver Attention Predictioncited by 0
  31. 2024HIP: Hierarchical Point Modeling and Pre-training for Visual Information Extractioncited by 0
  32. 2024Hear the Scene: Audio-Enhanced Text Spottingcited by 0
  33. 2025A Lightweight Context-Driven Training-Free Network for Scene Text Segmentation and Recognitioncited by 0
  34. 2025EdgeSpotter: Multi-Scale Dense Text Spotting for Industrial Panel Monitoringcited by 0
  35. 2026Show, don't tell -- Providing Visual Error Feedback for Handwritten Documentscited by 0
  36. 2026Do You Need Text Rectification? Soft Attention Mask Embedding for Rectification-Free Scene Text Spottingcited by 0
  37. 2026SupGRPO: Enhancing GRPO with Matching-based Online SFT for Text Spottingcited by 0