PGNet: Real-time Arbitrarily-Shaped Text Spotting with Point Gathering Network
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Abstract (arXiv)
The reading of arbitrarily-shaped text has received increasing research attention. However, existing text spotters are mostly built on two-stage frameworks or character-based methods, which suffer from either Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS), Region-of-Interest (RoI) operations, or character-level annotations. In this paper, to address the above problems, we propose a novel fully convolutional Point Gathering Network (PGNet) for reading arbitrarily-shaped text in real-time. The PGNet is a single-shot text spotter, where the pixel-level character classification map is learned with proposed PG-CTC loss avoiding the usage of character-level annotations. With a PG-CTC decoder, we gather high-level character classification vectors from two-dimensional space and decode them into text symbols without NMS and RoI operations involved, which guarantees high efficiency. Additionally, reasoning the relations between each character and its neighbors, a graph refinement module (GRM) is proposed to optimize the coarse recognition and improve the end-to-end performance. Experiments prove that the proposed method achieves competitive accuracy, meanwhile significantly improving the running speed. In particular, in Total-Text, it runs at 46.7 FPS, surpassing the previous spotters with a large margin.
Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2021.
Builds on
33 of 43 references.
References · 33
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
- 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,829
- 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,125
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- 2019What Is Wrong With Scene Text Recognition Model Comparisons? Dataset and Model Analysiscited by 191
- 2019Mask TextSpotter: An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Spotting Text with Arbitrary Shapescited by 171
21 more
- 2020ABCNet: Real-time Scene Text Spotting with Adaptive Bezier-Curve Networkcited by 170
- 2017Total-Text: A Comprehensive Dataset for Scene Text Detection and Recognitioncited by 161
- 2019Shape Robust Text Detection with Progressive Scale Expansion Networkcited by 147
- 2019ICDAR2019 Robust Reading Challenge on Arbitrary-Shaped Text (RRC-ArT)cited by 147
- 2020Towards Accurate Scene Text Recognition with Semantic Reasoning Networkscited by 131
- 2016TextBoxes: A Fast Text Detector with a Single Deep Neural Networkcited by 119
- 2018TextSnake: A Flexible Representation for Detecting Text of Arbitrary Shapescited by 114
- 2018FOTS: Fast Oriented Text Spotting with a Unified Networkcited by 109
- 2019Editing Text in the Wildcited by 81
- 2018ESIR: End-to-end Scene Text Recognition via Iterative Image Rectificationcited by 79
- 2020Deep Relational Reasoning Graph Network for Arbitrary Shape Text Detectioncited by 77
- 2016Recursive Recurrent Nets with Attention Modeling for OCR in the Wildcited by 74
- 2019Look More Than Once: An Accurate Detector for Text of Arbitrary Shapescited by 66
- 2019All You Need Is Boundary: Toward Arbitrary-Shaped Text Spottingcited by 66
- 2019Convolutional Character Networkscited by 61
- 2019Linkage Based Face Clustering via Graph Convolution Networkcited by 55
- 2020GTC: Guided Training of CTC Towards Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Recognitioncited by 52
- 2020Text Perceptron: Towards End-to-End Arbitrary-Shaped Text Spottingcited by 51
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 9; 2023: 10; 2024: 16; 2025: 6; 2026: 4.
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- 2025Efficient Medical VIE via Reinforcement Learning16 Jun 2025
- 2025EdgeSpotter: Multi-Scale Dense Text Spotting for Industrial Panel Monitoring8 Jun 2025
- 2025A Lightweight Context-Driven Training-Free Network for Scene Text Segmentation and Recognition19 Mar 2025
- 2025OmniParser V2: Structured-Points-of-Thought for Unified Visual Text Parsing and Its Generality to Multimodal Large Language Models22 Feb 2025
- 2024Hear the Scene: Audio-Enhanced Text Spotting27 Dec 2024
- 2024InstructOCR: Instruction Boosting Scene Text Spotting20 Dec 2024
37 more
- 2024Arbitrary Reading Order Scene Text Spotter with Local Semantics Guidance13 Dec 2024
- 2024OmniDocBench: Benchmarking Diverse PDF Document Parsing with Comprehensive Annotations10 Dec 2024
- 2024HIP: Hierarchical Point Modeling and Pre-training for Visual Information Extraction2 Nov 2024
- 2024FastTextSpotter: A High-Efficiency Transformer for Multilingual Scene Text Spotting27 Aug 2024
- 2024Focus, Distinguish, and Prompt: Unleashing CLIP for Efficient and Flexible Scene Text Retrieval1 Aug 2024
- 2024DNTextSpotter: Arbitrary-Shaped Scene Text Spotting via Improved Denoising Training1 Aug 2024
- 2024AHMF: Adaptive Hybrid-Memory-Fusion Model for Driver Attention Prediction24 Jul 2024
- 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review and Applications17 May 2024
- 2024Bridging the Gap Between End-to-End and Two-Step Text Spotting6 Apr 2024
- 2024Mixed-Query Transformer: A Unified Image Segmentation Architecture6 Apr 2024
- 2024Ensemble Learning for Vietnamese Scene Text Spotting in Urban Environments1 Apr 2024
- 2024OmniParser: A Unified Framework for Text Spotting, Key Information Extraction and Table Recognition28 Mar 2024
- 2024SwinTextSpotter v2: Towards Better Synergy for Scene Text Spotting15 Jan 2024
- 2024Inverse-like Antagonistic Scene Text Spotting via Reading-Order Estimation and Dynamic Sampling8 Jan 2024
- 2023Word length-aware text spotting: Enhancing detection and recognition in dense text image25 Dec 2023
- 2023Diving into the Depths of Spotting Text in Multi-Domain Noisy Scenes1 Oct 2023
- 2023Turning a CLIP Model into a Scene Text Spotter21 Aug 2023
- 2023ESTextSpotter: Towards Better Scene Text Spotting with Explicit Synergy in Transformer20 Aug 2023
- 2023Universal Defensive Underpainting Patch: Making Your Text Invisible to Optical Character Recognition4 Aug 2023
- 2023TextFormer: A Query-based End-to-End Text Spotter with Mixed Supervision6 Jun 2023
- 2023DeepSolo++: Let Transformer Decoder with Explicit Points Solo for Multilingual Text Spotting31 May 2023
- 2023Towards Unified Scene Text Spotting based on Sequence Generation7 Apr 2023
- 2023A3S: Adversarial learning of semantic representations for Scene-Text Spotting21 Feb 2023
- 2023SPTS v2: Single-Point Scene Text Spotting4 Jan 2023
- 2022DeepSolo: Let Transformer Decoder with Explicit Points Solo for Text Spotting19 Nov 2022
- 2022ABINet++: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Spotting19 Nov 2022
- 2022Optimal Boxes: Boosting End-to-End Scene Text Recognition by Adjusting Annotated Bounding Boxes via Reinforcement Learning25 Jul 2022
- 2022Single Shot Self-Reliant Scene Text Spotter by Decoupled yet Collaborative Detection and Recognition15 Jul 2022
- 2022DavarOCR: A Toolbox for OCR and Multi-Modal Document Understanding14 Jul 2022
- 2022Dynamic Low-Resolution Distillation for Cost-Efficient End-to-End Text Spotting14 Jul 2022
- 2022Text Spotting Transformers5 Apr 2022
- 2022SwinTextSpotter: Scene Text Spotting via Better Synergy between Text Detection and Text Recognition19 Mar 2022
- 2022DEER: Detection-agnostic End-to-End Recognizer for Scene Text Spotting10 Mar 2022
- 2021SPTS: Single-Point Text Spotting15 Dec 2021
- 2021TPSNet: Reverse Thinking of Thin Plate Splines for Arbitrary Shape Scene Text Representation25 Oct 2021
- 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understanding14 Aug 2021
- 2021StrucTexT: Structured Text Understanding with Multi-Modal Transformers6 Aug 2021
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- 2024OmniParser: A Unified Framework for Text Spotting, Key Information Extraction and Table Recognitioncited by 74
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- 2022Text Spotting Transformerscited by 70
- 2023SPTS v2: Single-Point Scene Text Spottingcited by 66
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- 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understandingcited by 40
- 2022ABINet++: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Spottingcited by 40
- 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review and Applicationscited by 37
- 2022Optimal Boxes: Boosting End-to-End Scene Text Recognition by Adjusting Annotated Bounding Boxes via Reinforcement Learningcited by 33
- 2023ESTextSpotter: Towards Better Scene Text Spotting with Explicit Synergy in Transformercited by 29
12 most cited of 45 All 45 (JSON)
- 2026Do You Need Text Rectification? Soft Attention Mask Embedding for Rectification-Free Scene Text Spotting18 May 2026
- 2026SEA-Vision: A Multilingual Benchmark for Comprehensive Document and Scene Text Understanding in Southeast Asia16 Mar 2026
- 2026Show, don't tell -- Providing Visual Error Feedback for Handwritten Documents14 Jan 2026
- 2025Hyper-Local Deformable Transformers for Text Spotting on Historical Maps17 Jun 2025
- 2025Efficient Medical VIE via Reinforcement Learning16 Jun 2025
- 2025EdgeSpotter: Multi-Scale Dense Text Spotting for Industrial Panel Monitoring8 Jun 2025
- 2025A Lightweight Context-Driven Training-Free Network for Scene Text Segmentation and Recognition19 Mar 2025
- 2024Hear the Scene: Audio-Enhanced Text Spotting27 Dec 2024
- 2024InstructOCR: Instruction Boosting Scene Text Spotting20 Dec 2024
- 2024Arbitrary Reading Order Scene Text Spotter with Local Semantics Guidance13 Dec 2024
- 2024HIP: Hierarchical Point Modeling and Pre-training for Visual Information Extraction2 Nov 2024
- 2024FastTextSpotter: A High-Efficiency Transformer for Multilingual Scene Text Spotting27 Aug 2024
12 newest of 45 All 45 (JSON)