mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

StrucTexT: Structured Text Understanding with Multi-Modal Transformers

arXiv 2108.02923 ↗First posted 6 Aug 2021cs.CV cs.CLcited by 90

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Abstract (arXiv)

Structured text understanding on Visually Rich Documents (VRDs) is a crucial part of Document Intelligence. Due to the complexity of content and layout in VRDs, structured text understanding has been a challenging task. Most existing studies decoupled this problem into two sub-tasks: entity labeling and entity linking, which require an entire understanding of the context of documents at both token and segment levels. However, little work has been concerned with the solutions that efficiently extract the structured data from different levels. This paper proposes a unified framework named StrucTexT, which is flexible and effective for handling both sub-tasks. Specifically, based on the transformer, we introduce a segment-token aligned encoder to deal with the entity labeling and entity linking tasks at different levels of granularity. Moreover, we design a novel pre-training strategy with three self-supervised tasks to learn a richer representation. StrucTexT uses the existing Masked Visual Language Modeling task and the new Sentence Length Prediction and Paired Boxes Direction tasks to incorporate the multi-modal information across text, image, and layout. We evaluate our method for structured text understanding at segment-level and token-level and show it outperforms the state-of-the-art counterparts with significantly superior performance on the FUNSD, SROIE, and EPHOIE datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 90 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Aug 2021.

Builds on

43 of 55 references.

References · 43

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31 more
  1. 2018Bag of Tricks for Image Classification with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 431
  2. 2020LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-Rich Document Understandingcited by 408
  3. 2019FUNSD: A Dataset for Form Understanding in Noisy Scanned Documentscited by 349
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  13. 2019Graph Convolution for Multimodal Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 88
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 16; 2023: 29; 2024: 24; 2025: 12; 2026: 8.

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  1. 2022LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Maskingcited by 485
  2. 2023OCRBench: On the Hidden Mystery of OCR in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 476
  3. 2022CDDFuse: Correlation-Driven Dual-Branch Feature Decomposition for Multi-Modality Image Fusioncited by 223
  4. 2024TextMonkey: An OCR-Free Large Multimodal Model for Understanding Documentcited by 174
  5. 2022Unifying Vision, Text, and Layout for Universal Document Processingcited by 140
  6. 2022LiLT: A Simple yet Effective Language-Independent Layout Transformer for Structured Document Understandingcited by 107
  7. 2023DocPedia: Unleashing the Power of Large Multimodal Model in the Frequency Domain for Versatile Document Understandingcited by 106
  8. 2021BROS: A Pre-trained Language Model Focusing on Text and Layout for Better Key Information Extraction from Documentscited by 104
  9. 2024LayoutLLM: Layout Instruction Tuning with Large Language Models for Document Understandingcited by 95
  10. 2022ERNIE-Layout: Layout Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Visually-rich Document Understandingcited by 67
  11. 2023DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extractioncited by 58
  12. 2023Vision Grid Transformer for Document Layout Analysiscited by 47
38 more
  1. 2023DocFormerv2: Local Features for Document Understandingcited by 46
  2. 2023GeoLayoutLM: Geometric Pre-training for Visual Information Extractioncited by 40
  3. 2023StrucTexTv2: Masked Visual-Textual Prediction for Document Image Pre-trainingcited by 39
  4. 2023ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extractioncited by 38
  5. 2024DocKylin: A Large Multimodal Model for Visual Document Understanding with Efficient Visual Slimmingcited by 35
  6. 2023Multimodality Representation Learning: A Survey on Evolution, Pretraining and Its Applicationscited by 27
  7. 2022Multimodal Pre-training Based on Graph Attention Network for Document Understandingcited by 24
  8. 2023Layout and Task Aware Instruction Prompt for Zero-shot Document Image Question Answeringcited by 24
  9. 2023Reading Order Matters: Information Extraction from Visually-rich Documents by Token Path Predictioncited by 23
  10. 2024DocLayLLM: An Efficient Multi-modal Extension of Large Language Models for Text-rich Document Understandingcited by 23
  11. 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Surveycited by 21
  12. 2023Modeling Entities as Semantic Points for Visual Information Extraction in the Wildcited by 20
  13. 2023FormNetV2: Multimodal Graph Contrastive Learning for Form Document Information Extractioncited by 20
  14. 2023ICDAR 2023 Competition on Structured Text Extraction from Visually-Rich Document Imagescited by 20
  15. 2025HunyuanOCR Technical Reportcited by 20
  16. 2023DocTr: Document Transformer for Structured Information Extraction in Documentscited by 18
  17. 2023SwinDocSegmenter: An End-to-End Unified Domain Adaptive Transformer for Document Instance Segmentationcited by 13
  18. 2024RoDLA: Benchmarking the Robustness of Document Layout Analysis Modelscited by 13
  19. 2024Modeling Layout Reading Order as Ordering Relations for Visually-rich Document Understandingcited by 12
  20. 2022Relational Representation Learning in Visually-Rich Documentscited by 11
  21. 2024Arbitrary Reading Order Scene Text Spotter with Local Semantics Guidancecited by 11
  22. 2025FS-DAG: Few Shot Domain Adapting Graph Networks for Visually Rich Document Understandingcited by 10
  23. 2022ERNIE-mmLayout: Multi-grained MultiModal Transformer for Document Understandingcited by 9
  24. 2023A Question-Answering Approach to Key Value Pair Extraction from Form-like Document Imagescited by 9
  25. 2024LAPDoc: Layout-Aware Prompting for Documentscited by 9
  26. 2025A Simple yet Effective Layout Token in Large Language Models for Document Understandingcited by 9
  27. 2023ChatGPT-Like Large-Scale Foundation Models for Prognostics and Health Management: A Survey and Roadmapscited by 8
  28. 2023GenKIE: Robust Generative Multimodal Document Key Information Extractioncited by 8
  29. 2022GMN: Generative Multi-modal Network for Practical Document Information Extractioncited by 6
  30. 2022TRIE++: Towards End-to-End Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 6
  31. 2023Fast-StrucTexT: An Efficient Hourglass Transformer with Modality-guided Dynamic Token Merge for Document Understandingcited by 6
  32. 2023Do-GOOD: Towards Distribution Shift Evaluation for Pre-Trained Visual Document Understanding Modelscited by 6
  33. 2024DocGraphLM: Documental Graph Language Model for Information Extractioncited by 6
  34. 2024Transformers and Language Models in Form Understanding: A Comprehensive Review of Scanned Document Analysiscited by 6
  35. 2024A Hybrid Approach for Document Layout Analysis in Document imagescited by 6
  36. 2024Deep Learning based Key Information Extraction from Business Documents: Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 6
  37. 2023Text Reading Order in Uncontrolled Conditions by Sparse Graph Segmentationcited by 5
  38. 2024ProcTag: Process Tagging for Assessing the Efficacy of Document Instruction Datacited by 5

50 most cited of 90 All 90 (JSON)

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  2. 2024mPLUG-DocOwl 1.5: Unified Structure Learning for OCR-free Document Understanding
  3. 2025Relation-Rich Visual Document Generator for Visual Information Extraction
  4. 2024StrucTexTv3: An Efficient Vision-Language Model for Text-rich Image Perception, Comprehension, and Beyond
  5. 2024Document Parsing Unveiled: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects for Structured Information Extraction
  6. 2025A Survey on MLLM-based Visually Rich Document Understanding: Methods, Challenges, and Emerging Trends
  7. 2022VRDU: A Benchmark for Visually-rich Document Understanding
  8. 2025Doc-CoB: Enhancing Document Understanding with Visual Chain-of-Boxes Reasoning