StrucTexT: Structured Text Understanding with Multi-Modal Transformers
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Structured text understanding on Visually Rich Documents (VRDs) is a crucial part of Document Intelligence. Due to the complexity of content and layout in VRDs, structured text understanding has been a challenging task. Most existing studies decoupled this problem into two sub-tasks: entity labeling and entity linking, which require an entire understanding of the context of documents at both token and segment levels. However, little work has been concerned with the solutions that efficiently extract the structured data from different levels. This paper proposes a unified framework named StrucTexT, which is flexible and effective for handling both sub-tasks. Specifically, based on the transformer, we introduce a segment-token aligned encoder to deal with the entity labeling and entity linking tasks at different levels of granularity. Moreover, we design a novel pre-training strategy with three self-supervised tasks to learn a richer representation. StrucTexT uses the existing Masked Visual Language Modeling task and the new Sentence Length Prediction and Paired Boxes Direction tasks to incorporate the multi-modal information across text, image, and layout. We evaluate our method for structured text understanding at segment-level and token-level and show it outperforms the state-of-the-art counterparts with significantly superior performance on the FUNSD, SROIE, and EPHOIE datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 90 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Aug 2021.
Builds on
43 of 55 references.
References · 43
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,036
- 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,474
- 2016Aggregated Residual Transformations for Deep Neural Networkscited by 2,546
- 2019ViLBERT: Pretraining Task-Agnostic Visiolinguistic Representations for Vision-and-Language Taskscited by 2,222
- 2019Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Contextcited by 1,850
- 2016Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translationcited by 1,475
- 2019VL-BERT: Pre-training of Generic Visual-Linguistic Representationscited by 954
- 2019LayoutLM: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Document Image Understandingcited by 553
- 2016Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 550
- 2015An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Image-based Sequence Recognition and Its Application to Scene Text Recognitioncited by 520
31 more
- 2018Bag of Tricks for Image Classification with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 431
- 2020LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-Rich Document Understandingcited by 408
- 2019FUNSD: A Dataset for Form Understanding in Noisy Scanned Documentscited by 349
- 2016End-to-end Sequence Labeling via Bi-directional LSTM-CNNs-CRFcited by 341
- 2021ICDAR2019 Competition on Scanned Receipt OCR and Information Extractioncited by 256
- 2017EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detectorcited by 248
- 2019ERNIE 2.0: A Continual Pre-training Framework for Language Understandingcited by 231
- 2015Evaluation of Deep Convolutional Nets for Document Image Classification and Retrievalcited by 213
- 2020DocBank: A Benchmark Dataset for Document Layout Analysiscited by 153
- 2020Towards Accurate Scene Text Recognition with Semantic Reasoning Networkscited by 131
- 2020Mask TextSpotter v3: Segmentation Proposal Network for Robust Scene Text Spottingcited by 114
- 2018Chargrid: Towards Understanding 2D Documentscited by 100
- 2019Graph Convolution for Multimodal Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 88
- 2020PICK: Processing Key Information Extraction from Documents using Improved Graph Learning-Convolutional Networkscited by 72
- 2019Look More Than Once: An Accurate Detector for Text of Arbitrary Shapescited by 66
- 2020Spatial Dependency Parsing for Semi-Structured Document Information Extractioncited by 65
- 2021Towards Robust Visual Information Extraction in Real World: New Dataset and Novel Solutioncited by 64
- 2019BERTgrid: Contextualized Embedding for 2D Document Representation and Understandingcited by 63
- 2020TRIE: End-to-End Text Reading and Information Extraction for Document Understandingcited by 61
- 2021PGNet: Real-time Arbitrarily-Shaped Text Spotting with Point Gathering Networkcited by 49
- 2018GraphIE: A Graph-Based Framework for Information Extractioncited by 45
- 2017CloudScan - A configuration-free invoice analysis system using recurrent neural networkscited by 33
- 2020DocStruct: A Multimodal Method to Extract Hierarchy Structure in Document for General Form Understandingcited by 31
- 2019EATEN: Entity-aware Attention for Single Shot Visual Text Extractioncited by 29
- 2018Attend, Copy, Parse -- End-to-end information extraction from documentscited by 25
- 2019CUTIE: Learning to Understand Documents with Convolutional Universal Text Information Extractorcited by 21
- 2020Towards a Multi-modal, Multi-task Learning based Pre-training Framework for Document Representation Learningcited by 21
- 2020Robust Layout-aware IE for Visually Rich Documents with Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 20
- 2021MatchVIE: Exploiting Match Relevancy between Entities for Visual Information Extractioncited by 18
- 2020One-shot Text Field Labeling using Attention and Belief Propagation for Structure Information Extractioncited by 16
- 2019A Single-Shot Arbitrarily-Shaped Text Detector based on Context Attended Multi-Task Learningcited by 12
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 16; 2023: 29; 2024: 24; 2025: 12; 2026: 8.
90 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Maskingcited by 485
- 2023OCRBench: On the Hidden Mystery of OCR in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 476
- 2022CDDFuse: Correlation-Driven Dual-Branch Feature Decomposition for Multi-Modality Image Fusioncited by 223
- 2024TextMonkey: An OCR-Free Large Multimodal Model for Understanding Documentcited by 174
- 2022Unifying Vision, Text, and Layout for Universal Document Processingcited by 140
- 2022LiLT: A Simple yet Effective Language-Independent Layout Transformer for Structured Document Understandingcited by 107
- 2023DocPedia: Unleashing the Power of Large Multimodal Model in the Frequency Domain for Versatile Document Understandingcited by 106
- 2021BROS: A Pre-trained Language Model Focusing on Text and Layout for Better Key Information Extraction from Documentscited by 104
- 2024LayoutLLM: Layout Instruction Tuning with Large Language Models for Document Understandingcited by 95
- 2022ERNIE-Layout: Layout Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Visually-rich Document Understandingcited by 67
- 2023DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extractioncited by 58
- 2023Vision Grid Transformer for Document Layout Analysiscited by 47
38 more
- 2023DocFormerv2: Local Features for Document Understandingcited by 46
- 2023GeoLayoutLM: Geometric Pre-training for Visual Information Extractioncited by 40
- 2023StrucTexTv2: Masked Visual-Textual Prediction for Document Image Pre-trainingcited by 39
- 2023ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extractioncited by 38
- 2024DocKylin: A Large Multimodal Model for Visual Document Understanding with Efficient Visual Slimmingcited by 35
- 2023Multimodality Representation Learning: A Survey on Evolution, Pretraining and Its Applicationscited by 27
- 2022Multimodal Pre-training Based on Graph Attention Network for Document Understandingcited by 24
- 2023Layout and Task Aware Instruction Prompt for Zero-shot Document Image Question Answeringcited by 24
- 2023Reading Order Matters: Information Extraction from Visually-rich Documents by Token Path Predictioncited by 23
- 2024DocLayLLM: An Efficient Multi-modal Extension of Large Language Models for Text-rich Document Understandingcited by 23
- 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Surveycited by 21
- 2023Modeling Entities as Semantic Points for Visual Information Extraction in the Wildcited by 20
- 2023FormNetV2: Multimodal Graph Contrastive Learning for Form Document Information Extractioncited by 20
- 2023ICDAR 2023 Competition on Structured Text Extraction from Visually-Rich Document Imagescited by 20
- 2025HunyuanOCR Technical Reportcited by 20
- 2023DocTr: Document Transformer for Structured Information Extraction in Documentscited by 18
- 2023SwinDocSegmenter: An End-to-End Unified Domain Adaptive Transformer for Document Instance Segmentationcited by 13
- 2024RoDLA: Benchmarking the Robustness of Document Layout Analysis Modelscited by 13
- 2024Modeling Layout Reading Order as Ordering Relations for Visually-rich Document Understandingcited by 12
- 2022Relational Representation Learning in Visually-Rich Documentscited by 11
- 2024Arbitrary Reading Order Scene Text Spotter with Local Semantics Guidancecited by 11
- 2025FS-DAG: Few Shot Domain Adapting Graph Networks for Visually Rich Document Understandingcited by 10
- 2022ERNIE-mmLayout: Multi-grained MultiModal Transformer for Document Understandingcited by 9
- 2023A Question-Answering Approach to Key Value Pair Extraction from Form-like Document Imagescited by 9
- 2024LAPDoc: Layout-Aware Prompting for Documentscited by 9
- 2025A Simple yet Effective Layout Token in Large Language Models for Document Understandingcited by 9
- 2023ChatGPT-Like Large-Scale Foundation Models for Prognostics and Health Management: A Survey and Roadmapscited by 8
- 2023GenKIE: Robust Generative Multimodal Document Key Information Extractioncited by 8
- 2022GMN: Generative Multi-modal Network for Practical Document Information Extractioncited by 6
- 2022TRIE++: Towards End-to-End Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 6
- 2023Fast-StrucTexT: An Efficient Hourglass Transformer with Modality-guided Dynamic Token Merge for Document Understandingcited by 6
- 2023Do-GOOD: Towards Distribution Shift Evaluation for Pre-Trained Visual Document Understanding Modelscited by 6
- 2024DocGraphLM: Documental Graph Language Model for Information Extractioncited by 6
- 2024Transformers and Language Models in Form Understanding: A Comprehensive Review of Scanned Document Analysiscited by 6
- 2024A Hybrid Approach for Document Layout Analysis in Document imagescited by 6
- 2024Deep Learning based Key Information Extraction from Business Documents: Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 6
- 2023Text Reading Order in Uncontrolled Conditions by Sparse Graph Segmentationcited by 5
- 2024ProcTag: Process Tagging for Assessing the Efficacy of Document Instruction Datacited by 5
50 most cited of 90 All 90 (JSON)
- 2026Amnesia by Design, Memory By Necessity: Persistent State for Document Intelligence25 Sep 2026
- 2026Identify, Locate, Link: End-to-End Key-Value Extraction from Document Images21 Aug 2026
- 2026DocClaw: A Unified Agentic System for Intelligent Document Processing19 Aug 2026
- 2026Visual Information Extraction from Documents via Classification-Guided Large Vision-Language Models22 Jul 2026
- 2026Enhancing Large Multimodal Models in Key Information Extraction via Scene-Aware Document Synthesis6 Jul 2026
- 2026Revise: A Framework for Revising OCRed text in Practical Information Systems with Data Contamination Strategy9 Apr 2026
- 2026Language-Agnostic Visual Embeddings for Cross-Script Handwriting Retrieval16 Jan 2026
- 2026ROAP: A Reading-Order and Attention-Prior Pipeline for Optimizing Layout Transformers in Key Information Extraction9 Jan 2026
- 2025PharmaShip: An Entity-Centric, Reading-Order-Supervised Benchmark for Chinese Pharmaceutical Shipping Documents29 Nov 2025
- 2025HybriDLA: Hybrid Generation for Document Layout Analysis25 Nov 2025
- 2025HunyuanOCR Technical Report24 Nov 2025
- 2025ARIAL: An Agentic Framework for Document VQA with Precise Answer Localization22 Nov 2025
38 more
- 2025Automated Invoice Data Extraction: Using LLM and OCR1 Nov 2025
- 2025FlexDoc: Parameterized Sampling for Diverse Multilingual Synthetic Documents for Training Document Understanding Models2 Oct 2025
- 2025LED Benchmark: Diagnosing Structural Layout Errors for Document Layout Analysis31 Jul 2025
- 2025Spatial ModernBERT: Spatial-Aware Transformer for Table and Key-Value Extraction in Financial Documents at Scale9 Jul 2025
- 2025Class-Agnostic Region-of-Interest Matching in Document Images26 Jun 2025
- 2025FS-DAG: Few Shot Domain Adapting Graph Networks for Visually Rich Document Understanding22 May 2025
- 2025A Simple yet Effective Layout Token in Large Language Models for Document Understanding24 Mar 2025
- 2025Generative Compositor for Few-Shot Visual Information Extraction21 Mar 2025
- 2024Arbitrary Reading Order Scene Text Spotter with Local Semantics Guidance13 Dec 2024
- 2024HIP: Hierarchical Point Modeling and Pre-training for Visual Information Extraction2 Nov 2024
- 2024ReLayout: Towards Real-World Document Understanding via Layout-enhanced Pre-training14 Oct 2024
- 2024GraphRevisedIE: Multimodal Information Extraction with Graph-Revised Network2 Oct 2024
- 2024Modeling Layout Reading Order as Ordering Relations for Visually-rich Document Understanding29 Sep 2024
- 2024DocLayLLM: An Efficient Multi-modal Extension of Large Language Models for Text-rich Document Understanding27 Aug 2024
- 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Survey2 Aug 2024
- 2024UNER: A Unified Prediction Head for Named Entity Recognition in Visually-rich Documents2 Aug 2024
- 2024Deep Learning based Key Information Extraction from Business Documents: Systematic Literature Review23 Jul 2024
- 2024ProcTag: Process Tagging for Assessing the Efficacy of Document Instruction Data17 Jul 2024
- 2024DocKylin: A Large Multimodal Model for Visual Document Understanding with Efficient Visual Slimming27 Jun 2024
- 2024SRFUND: A Multi-Granularity Hierarchical Structure Reconstruction Benchmark in Form Understanding13 Jun 2024
- 2024A Hybrid Approach for Document Layout Analysis in Document images27 Apr 2024
- 2024A LayoutLMv3-Based Model for Enhanced Relation Extraction in Visually-Rich Documents16 Apr 2024
- 2024LayoutLLM: Layout Instruction Tuning with Large Language Models for Document Understanding8 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Human-Like Machine Comprehension: Few-Shot Relational Learning in Visually-Rich Documents23 Mar 2024
- 2024RoDLA: Benchmarking the Robustness of Document Layout Analysis Models21 Mar 2024
- 2024TextMonkey: An OCR-Free Large Multimodal Model for Understanding Document7 Mar 2024
- 2024Transformers and Language Models in Form Understanding: A Comprehensive Review of Scanned Document Analysis6 Mar 2024
- 2024LAPDoc: Layout-Aware Prompting for Documents15 Feb 2024
- 2024TreeForm: End-to-end Annotation and Evaluation for Form Document Parsing7 Feb 2024
- 2024Unveiling the Deficiencies of Pre-trained Text-and-Layout Models in Real-world Visually-rich Document Information Extraction4 Feb 2024
- 2024PEneo: Unifying Line Extraction, Line Grouping, and Entity Linking for End-to-end Document Pair Extraction7 Jan 2024
- 2024DocGraphLM: Documental Graph Language Model for Information Extraction5 Jan 2024
- 2023DocPedia: Unleashing the Power of Large Multimodal Model in the Frequency Domain for Versatile Document Understanding20 Nov 2023
- 2023Enhancing Document Information Analysis with Multi-Task Pre-training: A Robust Approach for Information Extraction in Visually-Rich Documents25 Oct 2023
- 2023GenKIE: Robust Generative Multimodal Document Key Information Extraction24 Oct 2023
- 2023DocTrack: A Visually-Rich Document Dataset Really Aligned with Human Eye Movement for Machine Reading23 Oct 2023
- 2023VKIE: The Application of Key Information Extraction on Video Text18 Oct 2023
- 2023Reading Order Matters: Information Extraction from Visually-rich Documents by Token Path Prediction17 Oct 2023
50 newest of 90 All 90 (JSON)
- 2023OCRBench: On the Hidden Mystery of OCR in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 476
- 2024TextMonkey: An OCR-Free Large Multimodal Model for Understanding Documentcited by 174
- 2023DocPedia: Unleashing the Power of Large Multimodal Model in the Frequency Domain for Versatile Document Understandingcited by 106
- 2024LayoutLLM: Layout Instruction Tuning with Large Language Models for Document Understandingcited by 95
- 2024DocKylin: A Large Multimodal Model for Visual Document Understanding with Efficient Visual Slimmingcited by 35
- 2025HunyuanOCR Technical Reportcited by 20
- 2024ProcTag: Process Tagging for Assessing the Efficacy of Document Instruction Datacited by 5
- 2026Enhancing Large Multimodal Models in Key Information Extraction via Scene-Aware Document Synthesiscited by 1
- 2026Visual Information Extraction from Documents via Classification-Guided Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Visual Information Extraction from Documents via Classification-Guided Large Vision-Language Models22 Jul 2026
- 2026Enhancing Large Multimodal Models in Key Information Extraction via Scene-Aware Document Synthesis6 Jul 2026
- 2025HunyuanOCR Technical Report24 Nov 2025
- 2024ProcTag: Process Tagging for Assessing the Efficacy of Document Instruction Data17 Jul 2024
- 2024DocKylin: A Large Multimodal Model for Visual Document Understanding with Efficient Visual Slimming27 Jun 2024
- 2024LayoutLLM: Layout Instruction Tuning with Large Language Models for Document Understanding8 Apr 2024
- 2024TextMonkey: An OCR-Free Large Multimodal Model for Understanding Document7 Mar 2024
- 2023DocPedia: Unleashing the Power of Large Multimodal Model in the Frequency Domain for Versatile Document Understanding20 Nov 2023
- 2023OCRBench: On the Hidden Mystery of OCR in Large Multimodal Models13 May 2023
- 2022LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Maskingcited by 485
- 2022CDDFuse: Correlation-Driven Dual-Branch Feature Decomposition for Multi-Modality Image Fusioncited by 223
- 2022Unifying Vision, Text, and Layout for Universal Document Processingcited by 140
- 2022LiLT: A Simple yet Effective Language-Independent Layout Transformer for Structured Document Understandingcited by 107
- 2021BROS: A Pre-trained Language Model Focusing on Text and Layout for Better Key Information Extraction from Documentscited by 104
- 2022ERNIE-Layout: Layout Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Visually-rich Document Understandingcited by 67
- 2023DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extractioncited by 58
- 2023Vision Grid Transformer for Document Layout Analysiscited by 47
- 2023DocFormerv2: Local Features for Document Understandingcited by 46
- 2023GeoLayoutLM: Geometric Pre-training for Visual Information Extractioncited by 40
- 2023StrucTexTv2: Masked Visual-Textual Prediction for Document Image Pre-trainingcited by 39
- 2023ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extractioncited by 38
12 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)
- 2026Amnesia by Design, Memory By Necessity: Persistent State for Document Intelligence25 Sep 2026
- 2026Identify, Locate, Link: End-to-End Key-Value Extraction from Document Images21 Aug 2026
- 2026Revise: A Framework for Revising OCRed text in Practical Information Systems with Data Contamination Strategy9 Apr 2026
- 2026Language-Agnostic Visual Embeddings for Cross-Script Handwriting Retrieval16 Jan 2026
- 2026ROAP: A Reading-Order and Attention-Prior Pipeline for Optimizing Layout Transformers in Key Information Extraction9 Jan 2026
- 2025PharmaShip: An Entity-Centric, Reading-Order-Supervised Benchmark for Chinese Pharmaceutical Shipping Documents29 Nov 2025
- 2025HybriDLA: Hybrid Generation for Document Layout Analysis25 Nov 2025
- 2025Automated Invoice Data Extraction: Using LLM and OCR1 Nov 2025
- 2025FlexDoc: Parameterized Sampling for Diverse Multilingual Synthetic Documents for Training Document Understanding Models2 Oct 2025
- 2025LED Benchmark: Diagnosing Structural Layout Errors for Document Layout Analysis31 Jul 2025
- 2025Spatial ModernBERT: Spatial-Aware Transformer for Table and Key-Value Extraction in Financial Documents at Scale9 Jul 2025
- 2025Class-Agnostic Region-of-Interest Matching in Document Images26 Jun 2025
12 newest of 78 All 78 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026ExStrucTiny: A Benchmark for Schema-Variable Structured Information Extraction from Document Images
- 2024mPLUG-DocOwl 1.5: Unified Structure Learning for OCR-free Document Understanding
- 2025Relation-Rich Visual Document Generator for Visual Information Extraction
- 2024StrucTexTv3: An Efficient Vision-Language Model for Text-rich Image Perception, Comprehension, and Beyond
- 2024Document Parsing Unveiled: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects for Structured Information Extraction
- 2025A Survey on MLLM-based Visually Rich Document Understanding: Methods, Challenges, and Emerging Trends
- 2022VRDU: A Benchmark for Visually-rich Document Understanding
- 2025Doc-CoB: Enhancing Document Understanding with Visual Chain-of-Boxes Reasoning