mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deepfake Video Detection Using Convolutional Vision Transformer

arXiv 2102.11126 ↗First posted 22 Feb 2021cs.CVcited by 79

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Abstract (arXiv)

The rapid advancement of deep learning models that can generate and synthesis hyper-realistic videos known as Deepfakes and their ease of access to the general public have raised concern from all concerned bodies to their possible malicious intent use. Deep learning techniques can now generate faces, swap faces between two subjects in a video, alter facial expressions, change gender, and alter facial features, to list a few. These powerful video manipulation methods have potential use in many fields. However, they also pose a looming threat to everyone if used for harmful purposes such as identity theft, phishing, and scam. In this work, we propose a Convolutional Vision Transformer for the detection of Deepfakes. The Convolutional Vision Transformer has two components: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Vision Transformer (ViT). The CNN extracts learnable features while the ViT takes in the learned features as input and categorizes them using an attention mechanism. We trained our model on the DeepFake Detection Challenge Dataset (DFDC) and have achieved 91.5 percent accuracy, an AUC value of 0.91, and a loss value of 0.32. Our contribution is that we have added a CNN module to the ViT architecture and have achieved a competitive result on the DFDC dataset.

Key facts. Cited by 79 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2021.

Builds on

32 of 64 references.

References · 32

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  4. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  5. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  6. 2016Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 1,898
  7. 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,295
  8. 2018Multimodal Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 795
  9. 2020A Lip Sync Expert Is All You Need for Speech to Lip Generation In The Wildcited by 669
  10. 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
  11. 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
  12. 2018Video-to-Video Synthesiscited by 388
20 more
  1. 2019Attention Augmented Convolutional Networkscited by 363
  2. 2019FSGAN: Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 319
  3. 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 318
  4. 2019Few-Shot Adversarial Learning of Realistic Neural Talking Head Modelscited by 284
  5. 2020The Creation and Detection of Deepfakes: A Surveycited by 246
  6. 2020DeepFakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake Detectioncited by 231
  7. 2018Adversarial Audio Synthesiscited by 222
  8. 2018DeepFakes: a New Threat to Face Recognition? Assessment and Detectioncited by 208
  9. 2018Capsule-Forensics: Using Capsule Networks to Detect Forged Images and Videoscited by 180
  10. 2019FakeCatcher: Detection of Synthetic Portrait Videos using Biological Signalscited by 143
  11. 2019Realistic Speech-Driven Facial Animation with GANscited by 142
  12. 2020Towards Automatic Face-to-Face Translationcited by 95
  13. 2019BlazeFace: Sub-millisecond Neural Face Detection on Mobile GPUscited by 74
  14. 2020World-Consistent Video-to-Video Synthesiscited by 69
  15. 2018In Ictu Oculi: Exposing AI Generated Fake Face Videos by Detecting Eye Blinkingcited by 54
  16. 2018RSGAN: Face Swapping and Editing using Face and Hair Representation in Latent Spacescited by 50
  17. 2020COCO-FUNIT: Few-Shot Unsupervised Image Translation with a Content Conditioned Style Encodercited by 39
  18. 2020Deepfakes Detection with Automatic Face Weightingcited by 35
  19. 2018An Introduction to Image Synthesis with Generative Adversarial Netscited by 32
  20. 2018Generative Adversarial Talking Head: Bringing Portraits to Life with a Weakly Supervised Neural Networkcited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 11; 2023: 12; 2024: 20; 2025: 14; 2026: 15.

79 papers.

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  1. 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
  2. 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 100
  3. 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
  4. 2021Combining EfficientNet and Vision Transformers for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 81
  5. 2024AVFF: Audio-Visual Feature Fusion for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 59
  6. 2023Multimodal Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 51
  7. 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
  8. 2022Voice-Face Homogeneity Tells Deepfakecited by 44
  9. 2023Glitch in the Matrix: A Large Scale Benchmark for Content Driven Audio-Visual Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 42
  10. 2024On Learning Multi-Modal Forgery Representation for Diffusion Generated Video Detectioncited by 40
  11. 2024LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Surveycited by 35
  12. 2021Evaluation of an Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Dataset using Unimodal and Multimodal Detectorscited by 32
38 more
  1. 2024Lips Are Lying: Spotting the Temporal Inconsistency between Audio and Visual in Lip-Syncing DeepFakescited by 32
  2. 2021MVT: Mask Vision Transformer for Facial Expression Recognition in the wildcited by 27
  3. 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 23
  4. 2024Towards a Universal Synthetic Video Detector: From Face or Background Manipulations to Fully AI-Generated Contentcited by 22
  5. 2024Learning Spatiotemporal Inconsistency via Thumbnail Layout for Face Deepfake Detectioncited by 21
  6. 2022Deepfake Video Detection with Spatiotemporal Dropout Transformercited by 19
  7. 2022Deep Convolutional Pooling Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 19
  8. 2022A Review of Deep Learning-based Approaches for Deepfake Content Detectioncited by 12
  9. 2024GenFace: A Large-Scale Fine-Grained Face Forgery Benchmark and Cross Appearance-Edge Learningcited by 12
  10. 2024MFCLIP: Multi-modal Fine-grained CLIP for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detectioncited by 11
  11. 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
  12. 2023GenAI Mirage: The Impostor Bias and the Deepfake Detection Challenge in the Era of Artificial Illusionscited by 10
  13. 2024A Timely Survey on Vision Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
  14. 2021Detection of Deepfake Videos Using Long Distance Attentioncited by 9
  15. 2024AVT2-DWF: Improving Deepfake Detection with Audio-Visual Fusion and Dynamic Weighting Strategiescited by 9
  16. 2022Cross-Forgery Analysis of Vision Transformers and CNNs for Deepfake Image Detectioncited by 8
  17. 2023AVTENet: A Human-Cognition-Inspired Audio-Visual Transformer-Based Ensemble Network for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
  18. 2024Non-Consensual Synthetic Intimate Imagery: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Knowledge in 10 Countriescited by 8
  19. 2022Using Deep Learning to Detecting Deepfakescited by 6
  20. 2022Hybrid Transformer Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
  21. 2022Multi-Scale Wavelet Transformer for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 6
  22. 2024Detecting Audio-Visual Deepfakes with Fine-Grained Inconsistenciescited by 6
  23. 2025CAD: A General Multimodal Framework for Video Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Alignment and Distillationcited by 6
  24. 2024Deepfake Detection without Deepfakes: Generalization via Synthetic Frequency Patterns Injectioncited by 5
  25. 2025PIA: Deepfake Detection Using Phoneme-Temporal and Identity-Dynamic Analysiscited by 5
  26. 2024Distilled Transformers with Locally Enhanced Global Representations for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 4
  27. 2023CapST: Leveraging Capsule Networks and Temporal Attention for Accurate Model Attribution in Deep-fake Videoscited by 3
  28. 2024A Large-scale Universal Evaluation Benchmark For Face Forgery Detectioncited by 3
  29. 2024FSBI: Deepfakes Detection with Frequency Enhanced Self-Blended Imagescited by 2
  30. 2025Next-Frame Feature Prediction for Multimodal Deepfake Detection and Temporal Localizationcited by 2
  31. 2021FFR_FD: Effective and Fast Detection of DeepFakes Based on Feature Point Defectscited by 1
  32. 2023Hybrid Deepfake Detection Utilizing MLP and LSTMcited by 1
  33. 2023Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection by Primary Region Regularizationcited by 1
  34. 2024MITS-GAN: Safeguarding Medical Imaging from Tampering with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1
  35. 2024Hierarchical Space-Time Attention for Micro-Expression Recognitioncited by 1
  36. 2024GRACE: Graph-Regularized Attentive Convolutional Entanglement with Laplacian Smoothing for Robust DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 1
  37. 2024FRIDAY: Mitigating Unintentional Facial Identity in Deepfake Detectors Guided by Facial Recognizerscited by 1
  38. 2025CAE-Net: Generalized Deepfake Image Detection using Convolution and Attention Mechanisms with Spatial and Frequency Domain Featurescited by 1

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