Deepfake Video Detection Using Convolutional Vision Transformer
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Abstract (arXiv)
The rapid advancement of deep learning models that can generate and synthesis hyper-realistic videos known as Deepfakes and their ease of access to the general public have raised concern from all concerned bodies to their possible malicious intent use. Deep learning techniques can now generate faces, swap faces between two subjects in a video, alter facial expressions, change gender, and alter facial features, to list a few. These powerful video manipulation methods have potential use in many fields. However, they also pose a looming threat to everyone if used for harmful purposes such as identity theft, phishing, and scam. In this work, we propose a Convolutional Vision Transformer for the detection of Deepfakes. The Convolutional Vision Transformer has two components: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Vision Transformer (ViT). The CNN extracts learnable features while the ViT takes in the learned features as input and categorizes them using an attention mechanism. We trained our model on the DeepFake Detection Challenge Dataset (DFDC) and have achieved 91.5 percent accuracy, an AUC value of 0.91, and a loss value of 0.32. Our contribution is that we have added a CNN module to the ViT architecture and have achieved a competitive result on the DFDC dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 79 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2021.
Builds on
32 of 64 references.
References · 32
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- 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
- 2018Video-to-Video Synthesiscited by 388
20 more
- 2019Attention Augmented Convolutional Networkscited by 363
- 2019FSGAN: Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 319
- 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 318
- 2019Few-Shot Adversarial Learning of Realistic Neural Talking Head Modelscited by 284
- 2020The Creation and Detection of Deepfakes: A Surveycited by 246
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- 2018Adversarial Audio Synthesiscited by 222
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- 2020Towards Automatic Face-to-Face Translationcited by 95
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 11; 2023: 12; 2024: 20; 2025: 14; 2026: 15.
79 papers.
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- 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
- 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 100
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2021Combining EfficientNet and Vision Transformers for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 81
- 2024AVFF: Audio-Visual Feature Fusion for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 59
- 2023Multimodal Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 51
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
- 2022Voice-Face Homogeneity Tells Deepfakecited by 44
- 2023Glitch in the Matrix: A Large Scale Benchmark for Content Driven Audio-Visual Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 42
- 2024On Learning Multi-Modal Forgery Representation for Diffusion Generated Video Detectioncited by 40
- 2024LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Surveycited by 35
- 2021Evaluation of an Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Dataset using Unimodal and Multimodal Detectorscited by 32
38 more
- 2024Lips Are Lying: Spotting the Temporal Inconsistency between Audio and Visual in Lip-Syncing DeepFakescited by 32
- 2021MVT: Mask Vision Transformer for Facial Expression Recognition in the wildcited by 27
- 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 23
- 2024Towards a Universal Synthetic Video Detector: From Face or Background Manipulations to Fully AI-Generated Contentcited by 22
- 2024Learning Spatiotemporal Inconsistency via Thumbnail Layout for Face Deepfake Detectioncited by 21
- 2022Deepfake Video Detection with Spatiotemporal Dropout Transformercited by 19
- 2022Deep Convolutional Pooling Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 19
- 2022A Review of Deep Learning-based Approaches for Deepfake Content Detectioncited by 12
- 2024GenFace: A Large-Scale Fine-Grained Face Forgery Benchmark and Cross Appearance-Edge Learningcited by 12
- 2024MFCLIP: Multi-modal Fine-grained CLIP for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detectioncited by 11
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
- 2023GenAI Mirage: The Impostor Bias and the Deepfake Detection Challenge in the Era of Artificial Illusionscited by 10
- 2024A Timely Survey on Vision Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
- 2021Detection of Deepfake Videos Using Long Distance Attentioncited by 9
- 2024AVT2-DWF: Improving Deepfake Detection with Audio-Visual Fusion and Dynamic Weighting Strategiescited by 9
- 2022Cross-Forgery Analysis of Vision Transformers and CNNs for Deepfake Image Detectioncited by 8
- 2023AVTENet: A Human-Cognition-Inspired Audio-Visual Transformer-Based Ensemble Network for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2024Non-Consensual Synthetic Intimate Imagery: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Knowledge in 10 Countriescited by 8
- 2022Using Deep Learning to Detecting Deepfakescited by 6
- 2022Hybrid Transformer Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
- 2022Multi-Scale Wavelet Transformer for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 6
- 2024Detecting Audio-Visual Deepfakes with Fine-Grained Inconsistenciescited by 6
- 2025CAD: A General Multimodal Framework for Video Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Alignment and Distillationcited by 6
- 2024Deepfake Detection without Deepfakes: Generalization via Synthetic Frequency Patterns Injectioncited by 5
- 2025PIA: Deepfake Detection Using Phoneme-Temporal and Identity-Dynamic Analysiscited by 5
- 2024Distilled Transformers with Locally Enhanced Global Representations for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 4
- 2023CapST: Leveraging Capsule Networks and Temporal Attention for Accurate Model Attribution in Deep-fake Videoscited by 3
- 2024A Large-scale Universal Evaluation Benchmark For Face Forgery Detectioncited by 3
- 2024FSBI: Deepfakes Detection with Frequency Enhanced Self-Blended Imagescited by 2
- 2025Next-Frame Feature Prediction for Multimodal Deepfake Detection and Temporal Localizationcited by 2
- 2021FFR_FD: Effective and Fast Detection of DeepFakes Based on Feature Point Defectscited by 1
- 2023Hybrid Deepfake Detection Utilizing MLP and LSTMcited by 1
- 2023Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection by Primary Region Regularizationcited by 1
- 2024MITS-GAN: Safeguarding Medical Imaging from Tampering with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1
- 2024Hierarchical Space-Time Attention for Micro-Expression Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024GRACE: Graph-Regularized Attentive Convolutional Entanglement with Laplacian Smoothing for Robust DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 1
- 2024FRIDAY: Mitigating Unintentional Facial Identity in Deepfake Detectors Guided by Facial Recognizerscited by 1
- 2025CAE-Net: Generalized Deepfake Image Detection using Convolution and Attention Mechanisms with Spatial and Frequency Domain Featurescited by 1
50 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026Deep-Fake CAPTCHA: Mitigating Next-Generation Social Engineering Attacks10 Sep 2026
- 2026FairForensics: Seeing Expressions and Parsing Demographics via Vision-Language Modeling for Generalizable Fair Deepfake Detection3 Aug 2026
- 2026Rethinking the Readout: Unlocking Video Backbones for AI-Generated Video Detection16 Jul 2026
- 2026Architecture-Adaptive Uncertainty Fusion for Deepfake Detection4 Jun 2026
- 2026From Talking to Singing: A New Challenge for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection27 May 2026
- 2026EMO-BOOST: Emotion-Augmented Audio-Visual Features for Improved Generalization in Deepfake Detection19 May 2026
- 2026MFVLR: Multi-domain Fine-grained Vision-Language Reconstruction for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detection and Localization11 May 2026
- 2026Enhancing Self-Supervised Talking Head Forgery Detection via a Training-Free Dual-System Framework5 May 2026
- 2026Listening Deepfake Detection: A New Perspective Beyond Speaking-Centric Forgery Analysis14 Apr 2026
- 2026LAA-X: Unified Localized Artifact Attention for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Face Forgery Detection5 Apr 2026
- 2026GazeCLIP: Gaze-Guided CLIP with Adaptive-Enhanced Fine-Grained Language Prompt for Deepfake Attribution and Detection31 Mar 2026
- 2026SAVe: Self-Supervised Audio-visual Deepfake Detection Exploiting Visual Artifacts and Audio-visual Misalignment26 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026Leave No Stone Unturned: Uncovering Holistic Audio-Visual Intrinsic Coherence for Deepfake Detection25 Mar 2026
- 2026Deepfake Forensics Adapter: A Dual-Stream Network for Generalizable Deepfake Detection2 Mar 2026
- 2026A Novel Unified Approach to Deepfake Detection6 Jan 2026
- 2025Consolidating Diffusion-Generated Video Detection with Unified Multimodal Forgery Learning22 Nov 2025
- 2025Next-Frame Feature Prediction for Multimodal Deepfake Detection and Temporal Localization13 Nov 2025
- 2025Referee: Reference-aware Audiovisual Deepfake Detection31 Oct 2025
- 2025PIA: Deepfake Detection Using Phoneme-Temporal and Identity-Dynamic Analysis16 Oct 2025
- 2025Towards Real-World Deepfake Detection: A Diverse In-the-wild Dataset of Forgery Faces9 Oct 2025
- 2025Revisiting Simple Baselines for In-The-Wild Deepfake Detection4 Sep 2025
- 2025When Deepfake Detection Meets Graph Neural Network:a Unified and Lightweight Learning Framework7 Aug 2025
- 2025SFNet: Fusion of Spatial and Frequency-Domain Features for Remote Sensing Image Forgery Detection25 Jun 2025
- 2025Enhancing Deepfake Detection using SE Block Attention with CNN12 Jun 2025
- 2025Enhancing Abnormality Identification: Robust Out-of-Distribution Strategies for Deepfake Detection3 Jun 2025
- 2025CAD: A General Multimodal Framework for Video Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Alignment and Distillation21 May 2025
- 2025Cross-Branch Orthogonality for Improved Generalization in Face Deepfake Detection8 May 2025
- 2025PVLM: Parsing-Aware Vision Language Model with Dynamic Contrastive Learning for Zero-Shot Deepfake Attribution19 Apr 2025
- 2025CAE-Net: Generalized Deepfake Image Detection using Convolution and Attention Mechanisms with Spatial and Frequency Domain Features15 Feb 2025
- 2024Distilled Transformers with Locally Enhanced Global Representations for Face Forgery Detection28 Dec 2024
- 2024FRIDAY: Mitigating Unintentional Facial Identity in Deepfake Detectors Guided by Facial Recognizers19 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards a Universal Synthetic Video Detector: From Face or Background Manipulations to Fully AI-Generated Content16 Dec 2024
- 2024On Learning Multi-Modal Forgery Representation for Diffusion Generated Video Detection31 Oct 2024
- 2024MFCLIP: Multi-modal Fine-grained CLIP for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detection15 Sep 2024
- 2024Detecting Audio-Visual Deepfakes with Fine-Grained Inconsistencies13 Aug 2024
- 2024GRACE: Graph-Regularized Attentive Convolutional Entanglement with Laplacian Smoothing for Robust DeepFake Video Detection28 Jun 2024
- 2024A Large-scale Universal Evaluation Benchmark For Face Forgery Detection13 Jun 2024
- 2024FSBI: Deepfakes Detection with Frequency Enhanced Self-Blended Images12 Jun 2024
- 2024AVFF: Audio-Visual Feature Fusion for Video Deepfake Detection5 Jun 2024
- 2024LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Survey29 May 2024
- 2024A Timely Survey on Vision Transformer for Deepfake Detection14 May 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Space-Time Attention for Micro-Expression Recognition6 May 2024
- 2024AVT2-DWF: Improving Deepfake Detection with Audio-Visual Fusion and Dynamic Weighting Strategies22 Mar 2024
- 2024Deepfake Detection without Deepfakes: Generalization via Synthetic Frequency Patterns Injection20 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Spatiotemporal Inconsistency via Thumbnail Layout for Face Deepfake Detection15 Mar 2024
- 2024GenFace: A Large-Scale Fine-Grained Face Forgery Benchmark and Cross Appearance-Edge Learning3 Feb 2024
- 2024Lips Are Lying: Spotting the Temporal Inconsistency between Audio and Visual in Lip-Syncing DeepFakes28 Jan 2024
- 2024Non-Consensual Synthetic Intimate Imagery: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Knowledge in 10 Countries26 Jan 2024
- 2024MITS-GAN: Safeguarding Medical Imaging from Tampering with Generative Adversarial Networks17 Jan 2024
- 2023GenAI Mirage: The Impostor Bias and the Deepfake Detection Challenge in the Era of Artificial Illusions24 Dec 2023
50 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
- 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 100
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2021Combining EfficientNet and Vision Transformers for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 81
- 2024AVFF: Audio-Visual Feature Fusion for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 59
- 2023Multimodal Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 51
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
- 2022Voice-Face Homogeneity Tells Deepfakecited by 44
- 2023Glitch in the Matrix: A Large Scale Benchmark for Content Driven Audio-Visual Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 42
- 2024LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Surveycited by 35
- 2021Evaluation of an Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Dataset using Unimodal and Multimodal Detectorscited by 32
- 2024Lips Are Lying: Spotting the Temporal Inconsistency between Audio and Visual in Lip-Syncing DeepFakescited by 32
12 most cited of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2026Deep-Fake CAPTCHA: Mitigating Next-Generation Social Engineering Attacks10 Sep 2026
- 2026FairForensics: Seeing Expressions and Parsing Demographics via Vision-Language Modeling for Generalizable Fair Deepfake Detection3 Aug 2026
- 2026Rethinking the Readout: Unlocking Video Backbones for AI-Generated Video Detection16 Jul 2026
- 2026Architecture-Adaptive Uncertainty Fusion for Deepfake Detection4 Jun 2026
- 2026From Talking to Singing: A New Challenge for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection27 May 2026
- 2026EMO-BOOST: Emotion-Augmented Audio-Visual Features for Improved Generalization in Deepfake Detection19 May 2026
- 2026MFVLR: Multi-domain Fine-grained Vision-Language Reconstruction for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detection and Localization11 May 2026
- 2026Enhancing Self-Supervised Talking Head Forgery Detection via a Training-Free Dual-System Framework5 May 2026
- 2026Listening Deepfake Detection: A New Perspective Beyond Speaking-Centric Forgery Analysis14 Apr 2026
- 2026LAA-X: Unified Localized Artifact Attention for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Face Forgery Detection5 Apr 2026
- 2026GazeCLIP: Gaze-Guided CLIP with Adaptive-Enhanced Fine-Grained Language Prompt for Deepfake Attribution and Detection31 Mar 2026
- 2026SAVe: Self-Supervised Audio-visual Deepfake Detection Exploiting Visual Artifacts and Audio-visual Misalignment26 Mar 2026
12 newest of 76 All 76 (JSON)