COTR: Correspondence Transformer for Matching Across Images
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a novel framework for finding correspondences in images based on a deep neural network that, given two images and a query point in one of them, finds its correspondence in the other. By doing so, one has the option to query only the points of interest and retrieve sparse correspondences, or to query all points in an image and obtain dense mappings. Importantly, in order to capture both local and global priors, and to let our model relate between image regions using the most relevant among said priors, we realize our network using a transformer. At inference time, we apply our correspondence network by recursively zooming in around the estimates, yielding a multiscale pipeline able to provide highly-accurate correspondences. Our method significantly outperforms the state of the art on both sparse and dense correspondence problems on multiple datasets and tasks, ranging from wide-baseline stereo to optical flow, without any retraining for a specific dataset. We commit to releasing data, code, and all the tools necessary to train from scratch and ensure reproducibility.
Key facts. Cited by 182 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 78 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Mar 2021.
Builds on
47 of 78 references.
References · 47
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
- 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
- 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,682
- 2020RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 2,385
- 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,437
- 2015Spatial Transformer Networkscited by 1,423
- 2018On the Spectral Bias of Neural Networkscited by 1,321
35 more
- 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,313
- 2015FlowNet: Learning Optical Flow with Convolutional Networkscited by 1,054
- 2017PWC-Net: CNNs for Optical Flow Using Pyramid, Warping, and Cost Volumecited by 966
- 2016Stacked Hourglass Networks for Human Pose Estimationcited by 913
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Videocited by 778
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
- 2018DensePose: Dense Human Pose Estimation In The Wildcited by 573
- 2018From Coarse to Fine: Robust Hierarchical Localization at Large Scalecited by 556
- 2019SAL: Sign Agnostic Learning of Shapes from Raw Datacited by 389
- 2019D2-Net: A Trainable CNN for Joint Detection and Description of Local Featurescited by 324
- 2020DISK: Learning local features with policy gradientcited by 310
- 2016LIFT: Learned Invariant Feature Transformcited by 305
- 2017HPatches: A benchmark and evaluation of handcrafted and learned local descriptorscited by 261
- 2020Image Matching across Wide Baselines: From Paper to Practicecited by 224
- 2017Working hard to know your neighbor's margins: Local descriptor learning losscited by 212
- 2019R2D2: Repeatable and Reliable Detector and Descriptorcited by 206
- 2016DeMoN: Depth and Motion Network for Learning Monocular Stereocited by 200
- 2017Learning to Find Good Correspondencescited by 176
- 2018Neighbourhood Consensus Networkscited by 173
- 2018LF-Net: Learning Local Features from Imagescited by 151
- 2019Learning Two-View Correspondences and Geometry Using Order-Aware Networkcited by 148
- 2020Frequency Bias in Neural Networks for Input of Non-Uniform Densitycited by 140
- 2019GLU-Net: Global-Local Universal Network for Dense Flow and Correspondencescited by 139
- 2019SOSNet: Second Order Similarity Regularization for Local Descriptor Learningcited by 131
- 2019Neural-Guided RANSAC: Learning Where to Sample Model Hypothesescited by 129
- 2018MAGSAC: marginalizing sample consensuscited by 122
- 2019Neural Rerendering in the Wildcited by 121
- 2018Models Matter, So Does Training: An Empirical Study of CNNs for Optical Flow Estimationcited by 94
- 2018DGC-Net: Dense Geometric Correspondence Networkcited by 67
- 2020GOCor: Bringing Globally Optimized Correspondence Volumes into Your Neural Networkcited by 53
- 2019Large-scale, real-time visual-inertial localization revisitedcited by 45
- 2019Reinforced Feature Points: Optimizing Feature Detection and Description for a High-Level Taskcited by 39
- 2019Beyond Cartesian Representations for Local Descriptorscited by 35
- 2019Linearized Multi-Sampling for Differentiable Image Transformationcited by 11
- 2020Improving the HardNet Descriptorcited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 40; 2023: 55; 2024: 40; 2025: 19; 2026: 16.
182 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2021LoFTR: Detector-Free Local Feature Matching with Transformerscited by 974
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
- 2023Ego-Exo4D: Understanding Skilled Human Activity from First- and Third-Person Perspectivescited by 477
- 2021Deep ViT Features as Dense Visual Descriptorscited by 327
- 2021GMFlow: Learning Optical Flow via Global Matchingcited by 324
- 2023TAPIR: Tracking Any Point with per-frame Initialization and temporal Refinementcited by 281
- 2022FlowFormer: A Transformer Architecture for Optical Flowcited by 273
- 2022TAP-Vid: A Benchmark for Tracking Any Point in a Videocited by 258
- 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 225
- 2022Particle Video Revisited: Tracking Through Occlusions Using Point Trajectoriescited by 215
- 2023Tracking Everything Everywhere All at Oncecited by 190
- 2024Motion Prompting: Controlling Video Generation with Motion Trajectoriescited by 176
38 more
- 2022DKM: Dense Kernelized Feature Matching for Geometry Estimationcited by 174
- 2022ASpanFormer: Detector-Free Image Matching with Adaptive Span Transformercited by 170
- 2024MASt3R-SfM: a Fully-Integrated Solution for Unconstrained Structure-from-Motioncited by 161
- 2022MatchFormer: Interleaving Attention in Transformers for Feature Matchingcited by 126
- 2023ALIKED: A Lighter Keypoint and Descriptor Extraction Network via Deformable Transformationcited by 120
- 2023Unsupervised Semantic Correspondence Using Stable Diffusioncited by 120
- 2021A Survey of Visual Transformerscited by 117
- 2024BootsTAP: Bootstrapped Training for Tracking-Any-Pointcited by 115
- 2022Cost Aggregation with 4D Convolutional Swin Transformer for Few-Shot Segmentationcited by 114
- 2023R2Former: Unified Retrieval and Reranking Transformer for Place Recognitioncited by 102
- 2023SINE: Semantic-driven Image-based NeRF Editing with Prior-guided Editing Fieldcited by 93
- 2022NeRF-Supervision: Learning Dense Object Descriptors from Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 86
- 2021PDC-Net+: Enhanced Probabilistic Dense Correspondence Networkcited by 80
- 2021CATs: Cost Aggregation Transformers for Visual Correspondencecited by 77
- 2024Local All-Pair Correspondence for Point Trackingcited by 77
- 2022Transformer Tracking with Cyclic Shifting Window Attentioncited by 75
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 65
- 2023MFT: Long-Term Tracking of Every Pixelcited by 61
- 2024DreamMatcher: Appearance Matching Self-Attention for Semantically-Consistent Text-to-Image Personalizationcited by 60
- 2022CATs++: Boosting Cost Aggregation with Convolutions and Transformerscited by 53
- 2022MVSFormer: Multi-View Stereo by Learning Robust Image Features and Temperature-based Depthcited by 50
- 2023FeatureNeRF: Learning Generalizable NeRFs by Distilling Foundation Modelscited by 47
- 2024TAPTR: Tracking Any Point with Transformers as Detectioncited by 43
- 2025Dynamic Point Maps: A Versatile Representation for Dynamic 3D Reconstructioncited by 43
- 2022nerf2nerf: Pairwise Registration of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 39
- 2023SNAP: Self-Supervised Neural Maps for Visual Positioning and Semantic Understandingcited by 38
- 2023Tracking and Mapping in Medical Computer Vision: A Reviewcited by 36
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
- 2025UFM: A Simple Path towards Unified Dense Correspondence with Flowcited by 35
- 2023PATS: Patch Area Transportation with Subdivision for Local Feature Matchingcited by 33
- 2022TopicFM: Robust and Interpretable Topic-Assisted Feature Matchingcited by 32
- 2021Input-level Inductive Biases for 3D Reconstructioncited by 31
- 2022Refign: Align and Refine for Adaptation of Semantic Segmentation to Adverse Conditionscited by 31
- 2024Reconstructing People, Places, and Camerascited by 31
- 2022Adaptive Assignment for Geometry Aware Local Feature Matchingcited by 30
- 2023POPE: 6-DoF Promptable Pose Estimation of Any Object, in Any Scene, with One Referencecited by 30
- 2022TransforMatcher: Match-to-Match Attention for Semantic Correspondencecited by 29
- 2023NeRF-Loc: Visual Localization with Conditional Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 29
50 most cited of 182 All 182 (JSON)
- 2026UltraMatch: Transport Path Routing for Ultra-Fast and Memory-Efficient Image Matching29 Sep 2026
- 2026BLASt3R: Bundle Adjustment of Any Image Set with Multi-View Matching and Monocular Priors4 Sep 2026
- 2026Revisiting Cross-View Completion: Self-Supervised Pre-Training via Reconstruction Error Comparison1 Sep 2026
- 2026Code as Worlds: Agentic Discovery of Executable World Representations for Physical Reasoning27 Aug 2026
- 2026SGFormer: Structure-Guided Transformer for Robust Local Feature Matching4 Aug 2026
- 2026SAMatcher: Dense Co-Visibility Modeling via Cross-View Fusion for Scale-Imbalance Image Matching2 Jun 2026
- 2026Category-Level 3D Correspondence in Camera Space via Morphable Object Priors27 May 2026
- 2026Best Segmentation Buddies for Image-Shape Correspondence18 May 2026
- 2026Match-Any-Events: Zero-Shot Motion-Robust Feature Matching Across Wide Baselines for Event Cameras20 Apr 2026
- 2026Particle Diffusion Matching: Random Walk Correspondence Search for the Alignment of Standard and Ultra-Widefield Fundus Images11 Apr 2026
- 2026Relational Epipolar Graphs for Robust Relative Camera Pose Estimation6 Apr 2026
- 2026Scene Representation using 360deg Saliency Graph and its Application in Vision-based Indoor Navigation20 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026Semantic Aware Feature Extraction for Enhanced 3D Reconstruction13 Mar 2026
- 2026CORAL: Correspondence Alignment for Improved Virtual Try-On19 Feb 2026
- 2026VVLoc: Prior-free 3-DoF Vehicle Visual Localization31 Jan 2026
- 2026Orient Anything V2: Unifying Orientation and Rotation Understanding9 Jan 2026
- 2025Tracking by Predicting 3-D Gaussians Over Time27 Dec 2025
- 2025Adaptive Covariance and Quaternion-Focused Hybrid Error-State EKF/UKF for Visual-Inertial Odometry19 Dec 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Implicit Attention Priors for Point Cloud Reconstruction6 Nov 2025
- 2025LightGlueStick: a Fast and Robust Glue for Joint Point-Line Matching18 Oct 2025
- 2025What If : Understanding Motion Through Sparse Interactions14 Oct 2025
- 2025Weakly-Supervised Learning of Dense Functional Correspondences4 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Robust Semantic Correspondence: A Benchmark and Insights1 Aug 2025
- 2025Modality-Aware Feature Matching in Visual and Vision-Language Applications: A Comprehensive Survey30 Jul 2025
- 2025UFM: A Simple Path towards Unified Dense Correspondence with Flow10 Jun 2025
- 2025O-MaMa: Learning Object Mask Matching between Egocentric and Exocentric Views6 Jun 2025
- 2025Deep Learning Reforms Image Matching: A Survey and Outlook5 Jun 2025
- 2025Dense Match Summarization for Faster Two-view Estimation3 Jun 2025
- 2025Leveraging Diffusion Model and Image Foundation Model for Improved Correspondence Matching in Coronary Angiography31 Mar 2025
- 2025CoMatch: Dynamic Covisibility-Aware Transformer for Bilateral Subpixel-Level Semi-Dense Image Matching31 Mar 2025
- 2025UFM: Unified Feature Matching Pre-training with Multi-Modal Image Assistants26 Mar 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Learning of Motion Concepts by Optimizing Counterfactuals25 Mar 2025
- 2025Dynamic Point Maps: A Versatile Representation for Dynamic 3D Reconstruction20 Mar 2025
- 2025Alligat0R: Pre-Training Through Co-Visibility Segmentation for Relative Camera Pose Regression10 Mar 2025
- 2025RUBIK: A Structured Benchmark for Image Matching across Geometric Challenges27 Feb 2025
- 2024Edicho: Consistent Image Editing in the Wild30 Dec 2024
- 2024Reconstructing People, Places, and Cameras23 Dec 2024
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoders12 Dec 2024
- 2024Distillation of Diffusion Features for Semantic Correspondence4 Dec 2024
- 2024Motion Prompting: Controlling Video Generation with Motion Trajectories3 Dec 2024
- 2024Generalizable Single-view Object Pose Estimation by Two-side Generating and Matching24 Nov 2024
- 2024ETO:Efficient Transformer-based Local Feature Matching by Organizing Multiple Homography Hypotheses30 Oct 2024
- 2024LoFLAT: Local Feature Matching using Focused Linear Attention Transformer30 Oct 2024
- 2024Self-Assessed Generation: Trustworthy Label Generation for Optical Flow and Stereo Matching in Real-world14 Oct 2024
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolation14 Oct 2024
- 2024Aligning Motion-Blurred Images Using Contrastive Learning on Overcomplete Pixels9 Oct 2024
- 2024MASt3R-SfM: a Fully-Integrated Solution for Unconstrained Structure-from-Motion27 Sep 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Any-Point Tracking by Contrastive Random Walks24 Sep 2024
- 2024RING#: PR-by-PE Global Localization with Roto-translation Equivariant Gram Learning30 Aug 2024
- 2024PRISM: PRogressive dependency maxImization for Scale-invariant image Matching7 Aug 2024
50 newest of 182 All 182 (JSON)
- 2023Unsupervised Semantic Correspondence Using Stable Diffusioncited by 120
- 2024DreamMatcher: Appearance Matching Self-Attention for Semantically-Consistent Text-to-Image Personalizationcited by 60
- 2022MIDMs: Matching Interleaved Diffusion Models for Exemplar-based Image Translationcited by 22
- 2023Diffusion Model for Dense Matchingcited by 21
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolationcited by 1
- 2025Leveraging Diffusion Model and Image Foundation Model for Improved Correspondence Matching in Coronary Angiographycited by 0
- 2025Leveraging Diffusion Model and Image Foundation Model for Improved Correspondence Matching in Coronary Angiography31 Mar 2025
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolation14 Oct 2024
- 2024DreamMatcher: Appearance Matching Self-Attention for Semantically-Consistent Text-to-Image Personalization15 Feb 2024
- 2023Diffusion Model for Dense Matching30 May 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Semantic Correspondence Using Stable Diffusion24 May 2023
- 2022MIDMs: Matching Interleaved Diffusion Models for Exemplar-based Image Translation22 Sep 2022
- 2021LoFTR: Detector-Free Local Feature Matching with Transformerscited by 974
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
- 2023Ego-Exo4D: Understanding Skilled Human Activity from First- and Third-Person Perspectivescited by 477
- 2021Deep ViT Features as Dense Visual Descriptorscited by 327
- 2021GMFlow: Learning Optical Flow via Global Matchingcited by 324
- 2023TAPIR: Tracking Any Point with per-frame Initialization and temporal Refinementcited by 281
- 2022FlowFormer: A Transformer Architecture for Optical Flowcited by 273
- 2022TAP-Vid: A Benchmark for Tracking Any Point in a Videocited by 258
- 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 225
- 2022Particle Video Revisited: Tracking Through Occlusions Using Point Trajectoriescited by 215
- 2023Tracking Everything Everywhere All at Oncecited by 190
- 2024Motion Prompting: Controlling Video Generation with Motion Trajectoriescited by 176
12 most cited of 173 All 173 (JSON)
- 2026UltraMatch: Transport Path Routing for Ultra-Fast and Memory-Efficient Image Matching29 Sep 2026
- 2026BLASt3R: Bundle Adjustment of Any Image Set with Multi-View Matching and Monocular Priors4 Sep 2026
- 2026Revisiting Cross-View Completion: Self-Supervised Pre-Training via Reconstruction Error Comparison1 Sep 2026
- 2026SGFormer: Structure-Guided Transformer for Robust Local Feature Matching4 Aug 2026
- 2026SAMatcher: Dense Co-Visibility Modeling via Cross-View Fusion for Scale-Imbalance Image Matching2 Jun 2026
- 2026Category-Level 3D Correspondence in Camera Space via Morphable Object Priors27 May 2026
- 2026Best Segmentation Buddies for Image-Shape Correspondence18 May 2026
- 2026Match-Any-Events: Zero-Shot Motion-Robust Feature Matching Across Wide Baselines for Event Cameras20 Apr 2026
- 2026Particle Diffusion Matching: Random Walk Correspondence Search for the Alignment of Standard and Ultra-Widefield Fundus Images11 Apr 2026
- 2026Relational Epipolar Graphs for Robust Relative Camera Pose Estimation6 Apr 2026
- 2026Scene Representation using 360deg Saliency Graph and its Application in Vision-based Indoor Navigation20 Mar 2026
- 2026Semantic Aware Feature Extraction for Enhanced 3D Reconstruction13 Mar 2026
12 newest of 173 All 173 (JSON)