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A Benchmark Dataset for Learning to Intervene in Online Hate Speech

arXiv 1909.04251 ↗First posted 10 Sep 2019cs.CL cs.AI cs.CYcited by 128

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Abstract (arXiv)

Countering online hate speech is a critical yet challenging task, but one which can be aided by the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Previous research has primarily focused on the development of NLP methods to automatically and effectively detect online hate speech while disregarding further action needed to calm and discourage individuals from using hate speech in the future. In addition, most existing hate speech datasets treat each post as an isolated instance, ignoring the conversational context. In this paper, we propose a novel task of generative hate speech intervention, where the goal is to automatically generate responses to intervene during online conversations that contain hate speech. As a part of this work, we introduce two fully-labeled large-scale hate speech intervention datasets collected from Gab and Reddit. These datasets provide conversation segments, hate speech labels, as well as intervention responses written by Mechanical Turk Workers. In this paper, we also analyze the datasets to understand the common intervention strategies and explore the performance of common automatic response generation methods on these new datasets to provide a benchmark for future research.

Key facts. Cited by 128 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 20; 2022: 19; 2023: 26; 2024: 34; 2025: 18; 2026: 11.

128 papers.

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  1. 2021Human-in-the-Loop for Data Collection: a Multi-Target Counter Narrative Dataset to Fight Online Hate Speechcited by 81
  2. 2022Human-AI Collaboration via Conditional Delegation: A Case Study of Content Moderationcited by 66
  3. 2023SemEval-2023 Task 10: Explainable Detection of Online Sexismcited by 48
  4. 2021Generate, Prune, Select: A Pipeline for Counterspeech Generation against Online Hate Speechcited by 42
  5. 2021Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speechcited by 41
  6. 2022Human-Machine Collaboration Approaches to Build a Dialogue Dataset for Hate Speech Counteringcited by 40
  7. 2023Reinforcement Learning-based Counter-Misinformation Response Generation: A Case Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformationcited by 39
  8. 2022Hate Speech and Counter Speech Detection: Conversational Context Does Mattercited by 32
  9. 2022Using Pre-Trained Language Models for Producing Counter Narratives Against Hate Speech: a Comparative Studycited by 30
  10. 2022CounterGeDi: A controllable approach to generate polite, detoxified and emotional counterspeechcited by 28
  11. 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 26
  12. 2023People Make Better Edits: Measuring the Efficacy of LLM-Generated Counterfactually Augmented Data for Harmful Language Detectioncited by 25
38 more
  1. 2021Understanding and Countering Stereotypes: A Computational Approach to the Stereotype Content Modelcited by 23
  2. 2024From Languages to Geographies: Towards Evaluating Cultural Bias in Hate Speech Datasetscited by 23
  3. 2023Beyond Denouncing Hate: Strategies for Countering Implied Biases and Stereotypes in Languagecited by 22
  4. 2021"Subverting the Jewtocracy": Online Antisemitism Detection Using Multimodal Deep Learningcited by 21
  5. 2024NLP for Counterspeech against Hate: A Survey and How-To Guidecited by 21
  6. 2021Dataset for Identification of Homophobia and Transophobia in Multilingual YouTube Commentscited by 20
  7. 2024MemeGuard: An LLM and VLM-based Framework for Advancing Content Moderation via Meme Interventioncited by 20
  8. 2024NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helpscited by 19
  9. 2022Hate Speech Criteria: A Modular Approach to Task-Specific Hate Speech Definitionscited by 18
  10. 2022Proactively Reducing the Hate Intensity of Online Posts via Hate Speech Normalizationcited by 17
  11. 2023Understanding Counterspeech for Online Harm Mitigationcited by 17
  12. 2024On Zero-Shot Counterspeech Generation by LLMscited by 17
  13. 2023Vicarious Offense and Noise Audit of Offensive Speech Classifiers: Unifying Human and Machine Disagreement on What is Offensivecited by 16
  14. 2024Modularized Networks for Few-shot Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 15
  15. 2024Contextualized Counterspeech: Strategies for Adaptation, Personalization, and Evaluationcited by 15
  16. 2021CONDA: a CONtextual Dual-Annotated dataset for in-game toxicity understanding and detectioncited by 14
  17. 2023StyloMetrix: An Open-Source Multilingual Tool for Representing Stylometric Vectorscited by 14
  18. 2023DisCGen: A Framework for Discourse-Informed Counterspeech Generationcited by 14
  19. 2024MetaHate: A Dataset for Unifying Efforts on Hate Speech Detectioncited by 14
  20. 2021Empowering NGOs in Countering Online Hate Messagescited by 13
  21. 2023Counterspeeches up my sleeve! Intent Distribution Learning and Persistent Fusion for Intent-Conditioned Counterspeech Generationcited by 13
  22. 2021Countering Online Hate Speech: An NLP Perspectivecited by 12
  23. 2023CoSyn: Detecting Implicit Hate Speech in Online Conversations Using a Context Synergized Hyperbolic Networkcited by 12
  24. 2024Outcome-Constrained Large Language Models for Countering Hate Speechcited by 12
  25. 2024Is Safer Better? The Impact of Guardrails on the Argumentative Strength of LLMs in Hate Speech Counteringcited by 11
  26. 2022Generalizing Hate Speech Detection Using Multi-Task Learning: A Case Study of Political Public Figurescited by 10
  27. 2024DetoxLLM: A Framework for Detoxification with Explanationscited by 10
  28. 2024Social Intelligence Data Infrastructure: Structuring the Present and Navigating the Futurecited by 10
  29. 2021Multilingual Counter Narrative Type Classificationcited by 9
  30. 2021Revisiting Contextual Toxicity Detection in Conversationscited by 8
  31. 2023Multilingual Content Moderation: A Case Study on Redditcited by 8
  32. 2024Optimizing Language Models for Human Preferences is a Causal Inference Problemcited by 8
  33. 2024Computational Politeness in Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 8
  34. 2022ELF22: A Context-based Counter Trolling Dataset to Combat Internet Trollscited by 7
  35. 2022Reliable Decision from Multiple Subtasks through Threshold Optimization: Content Moderation in the Wildcited by 7
  36. 2023Weigh Your Own Words: Improving Hate Speech Counter Narrative Generation via Attention Regularizationcited by 7
  37. 2024Basque and Spanish Counter Narrative Generation: Data Creation and Evaluationcited by 7
  38. 2022Korean Online Hate Speech Dataset for Multilabel Classification: How Can Social Science Improve Dataset on Hate Speech?cited by 6

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