CONDA: a CONtextual Dual-Annotated dataset for in-game toxicity understanding and detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Traditional toxicity detection models have focused on the single utterance level without deeper understanding of context. We introduce CONDA, a new dataset for in-game toxic language detection enabling joint intent classification and slot filling analysis, which is the core task of Natural Language Understanding (NLU). The dataset consists of 45K utterances from 12K conversations from the chat logs of 1.9K completed Dota 2 matches. We propose a robust dual semantic-level toxicity framework, which handles utterance and token-level patterns, and rich contextual chatting history. Accompanying the dataset is a thorough in-game toxicity analysis, which provides comprehensive understanding of context at utterance, token, and dual levels. Inspired by NLU, we also apply its metrics to the toxicity detection tasks for assessing toxicity and game-specific aspects. We evaluate strong NLU models on CONDA, providing fine-grained results for different intent classes and slot classes. Furthermore, we examine the coverage of toxicity nature in our dataset by comparing it with other toxicity datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2021.
Builds on
22 of 32 references.
References · 22
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2018MultiWOZ -- A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modellingcited by 760
- 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 724
- 2018Large Scale Crowdsourcing and Characterization of Twitter Abusive Behaviorcited by 265
- 2018Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forumcited by 196
- 2016Attention-Based Recurrent Neural Network Models for Joint Intent Detection and Slot Fillingcited by 137
- 2017Key-Value Retrieval Networks for Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 137
- 2019A Benchmark Dataset for Learning to Intervene in Online Hate Speechcited by 128
- 2018Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialogcited by 124
- 2018Semantic Parsing for Task Oriented Dialog using Hierarchical Representationscited by 101
- 2020Toxicity Detection: Does Context Really Matter?cited by 93
- 2018Conversations Gone Awry: Detecting Early Signs of Conversational Failurecited by 73
10 more
- 2018Joint Slot Filling and Intent Detection via Capsule Neural Networkscited by 73
- 2017Detecting Online Hate Speech Using Context Aware Modelscited by 72
- 2018A Bi-model based RNN Semantic Frame Parsing Model for Intent Detection and Slot Fillingcited by 53
- 2018Peer to Peer Hate: Hate Speech Instigators and Their Targetscited by 30
- 2019Multi-lingual Intent Detection and Slot Filling in a Joint BERT-based Modelcited by 24
- 2020Detect All Abuse! Toward Universal Abusive Language Detection Modelscited by 12
- 2015Exploring Cyberbullying and Other Toxic Behavior in Team Competition Online Gamescited by 10
- 2019CASA-NLU: Context-Aware Self-Attentive Natural Language Understanding for Task-Oriented Chatbotscited by 10
- 2019Machine learning and semantic analysis of in-game chat for cyberbullyingcited by 6
- 2014STFU NOOB! Predicting Crowdsourced Decisions on Toxic Behavior in Online Gamescited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 4; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
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- 2022K-MHaS: A Multi-label Hate Speech Detection Dataset in Korean Online News Commentcited by 13
- 2023Towards Detecting Contextual Real-Time Toxicity for In-Game Chatcited by 4
- 2024COBIAS: Assessing the Contextual Reliability of Bias Benchmarks for Language Modelscited by 3
- 2022In-game Toxic Language Detection: Shared Task and Attention Residualscited by 2
- 2023Tri-level Joint Natural Language Understanding for Multi-turn Conversational Datasetscited by 1
- 2025Prosocial Behavior Detection in Player Game Chat: From Aligning Human-AI Definitions to Efficient Annotation at Scalecited by 1
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understandingcited by 1
- 2022Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational AI: Recent Advances and Future Directioncited by 0
- 2023MC-DRE: Multi-Aspect Cross Integration for Drug Event/Entity Extractioncited by 0
- 2023Textual Toxicity in Social Media: Understanding the Bangla Toxic Language Expressed in Facebook Commentcited by 0
- 2025Context-Aware Toxicity Detection in Multiplayer Games: Integrating Domain-Adaptive Pretraining and Match Metadatacited by 0
- 2026"bot lane noob" Towards Deployment of NLP-based Toxicity Detectors in Video Gamescited by 0
- 2026In-game Toxic Detection: Bi-directional Representations with Attention Residuals28 Sep 2026
- 2026On the Limits of LLM Adaptability: Impact of Model-Internalized Priors on Annotation Task Performance30 May 2026
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understanding7 May 2026
- 2026"bot lane noob" Towards Deployment of NLP-based Toxicity Detectors in Video Games11 Apr 2026
- 2025Prosocial Behavior Detection in Player Game Chat: From Aligning Human-AI Definitions to Efficient Annotation at Scale8 Aug 2025
- 2025Context-Aware Toxicity Detection in Multiplayer Games: Integrating Domain-Adaptive Pretraining and Match Metadata2 Apr 2025
- 2024COBIAS: Assessing the Contextual Reliability of Bias Benchmarks for Language Models22 Feb 2024
- 2023Textual Toxicity in Social Media: Understanding the Bangla Toxic Language Expressed in Facebook Comment9 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Detecting Contextual Real-Time Toxicity for In-Game Chat20 Oct 2023
- 2023MC-DRE: Multi-Aspect Cross Integration for Drug Event/Entity Extraction12 Aug 2023
- 2023Tri-level Joint Natural Language Understanding for Multi-turn Conversational Datasets28 May 2023
- 2022Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational AI: Recent Advances and Future Direction21 Dec 2022
- 2022K-MHaS: A Multi-label Hate Speech Detection Dataset in Korean Online News Commentcited by 13
- 2023Towards Detecting Contextual Real-Time Toxicity for In-Game Chatcited by 4
- 2024COBIAS: Assessing the Contextual Reliability of Bias Benchmarks for Language Modelscited by 3
- 2022In-game Toxic Language Detection: Shared Task and Attention Residualscited by 2
- 2023Tri-level Joint Natural Language Understanding for Multi-turn Conversational Datasetscited by 1
- 2025Prosocial Behavior Detection in Player Game Chat: From Aligning Human-AI Definitions to Efficient Annotation at Scalecited by 1
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understandingcited by 1
- 2022Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational AI: Recent Advances and Future Directioncited by 0
- 2023MC-DRE: Multi-Aspect Cross Integration for Drug Event/Entity Extractioncited by 0
- 2023Textual Toxicity in Social Media: Understanding the Bangla Toxic Language Expressed in Facebook Commentcited by 0
- 2025Context-Aware Toxicity Detection in Multiplayer Games: Integrating Domain-Adaptive Pretraining and Match Metadatacited by 0
- 2026"bot lane noob" Towards Deployment of NLP-based Toxicity Detectors in Video Gamescited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026In-game Toxic Detection: Bi-directional Representations with Attention Residuals28 Sep 2026
- 2026On the Limits of LLM Adaptability: Impact of Model-Internalized Priors on Annotation Task Performance30 May 2026
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understanding7 May 2026
- 2026"bot lane noob" Towards Deployment of NLP-based Toxicity Detectors in Video Games11 Apr 2026
- 2025Prosocial Behavior Detection in Player Game Chat: From Aligning Human-AI Definitions to Efficient Annotation at Scale8 Aug 2025
- 2025Context-Aware Toxicity Detection in Multiplayer Games: Integrating Domain-Adaptive Pretraining and Match Metadata2 Apr 2025
- 2024COBIAS: Assessing the Contextual Reliability of Bias Benchmarks for Language Models22 Feb 2024
- 2023Textual Toxicity in Social Media: Understanding the Bangla Toxic Language Expressed in Facebook Comment9 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Detecting Contextual Real-Time Toxicity for In-Game Chat20 Oct 2023
- 2023MC-DRE: Multi-Aspect Cross Integration for Drug Event/Entity Extraction12 Aug 2023
- 2023Tri-level Joint Natural Language Understanding for Multi-turn Conversational Datasets28 May 2023
- 2022Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational AI: Recent Advances and Future Direction21 Dec 2022
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)