mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Countering Online Hate Speech: An NLP Perspective

arXiv 2109.02941 ↗First posted 7 Sep 2021cs.CL cs.LGcited by 12

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Abstract (arXiv)

Online hate speech has caught everyone's attention from the news related to the COVID-19 pandemic, US elections, and worldwide protests. Online toxicity - an umbrella term for online hateful behavior, manifests itself in forms such as online hate speech. Hate speech is a deliberate attack directed towards an individual or a group motivated by the targeted entity's identity or opinions. The rising mass communication through social media further exacerbates the harmful consequences of online hate speech. While there has been significant research on hate-speech identification using Natural Language Processing (NLP), the work on utilizing NLP for prevention and intervention of online hate speech lacks relatively. This paper presents a holistic conceptual framework on hate-speech NLP countering methods along with a thorough survey on the current progress of NLP for countering online hate speech. It classifies the countering techniques based on their time of action, and identifies potential future research areas on this topic.

Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 77 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2021.

Builds on

33 of 77 references.

References · 33

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21 more
  1. 2018Unsupervised Text Style Transfer using Language Models as Discriminatorscited by 70
  2. 2018Thou shalt not hate: Countering Online Hate Speechcited by 64
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Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.

12 papers.

  1. 2022Handling Bias in Toxic Speech Detection: A Surveycited by 61
  2. 2021SaFeRDialogues: Taking Feedback Gracefully after Conversational Safety Failurescited by 37
  3. 2024NLP for Counterspeech against Hate: A Survey and How-To Guidecited by 22
  4. 2022Proactively Reducing the Hate Intensity of Online Posts via Hate Speech Normalizationcited by 17
  5. 2023Understanding Counterspeech for Online Harm Mitigationcited by 17
  6. 2023Towards Agile Text Classifiers for Everyonecited by 13
  7. 2023Multilingual Content Moderation: A Case Study on Redditcited by 8
  8. 2023HateRephrase: Zero- and Few-Shot Reduction of Hate Intensity in Online Posts using Large Language Modelscited by 8
  9. 2024QueerBench: Quantifying Discrimination in Language Models Toward Queer Identitiescited by 5
  10. 2022A Review of Challenges in Machine Learning based Automated Hate Speech Detectioncited by 3
  11. 2022Nipping in the Bud: Detection, Diffusion and Mitigation of Hate Speech on Social Mediacited by 2
  12. 2025Understanding and Analyzing Inappropriately Targeting Language in Online Discourse: A Comparative Annotation Studycited by 0