Multilingual Content Moderation: A Case Study on Reddit
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Abstract (arXiv)
Content moderation is the process of flagging content based on pre-defined platform rules. There has been a growing need for AI moderators to safeguard users as well as protect the mental health of human moderators from traumatic content. While prior works have focused on identifying hateful/offensive language, they are not adequate for meeting the challenges of content moderation since 1) moderation decisions are based on violation of rules, which subsumes detection of offensive speech, and 2) such rules often differ across communities which entails an adaptive solution. We propose to study the challenges of content moderation by introducing a multilingual dataset of 1.8 Million Reddit comments spanning 56 subreddits in English, German, Spanish and French. We perform extensive experimental analysis to highlight the underlying challenges and suggest related research problems such as cross-lingual transfer, learning under label noise (human biases), transfer of moderation models, and predicting the violated rule. Our dataset and analysis can help better prepare for the challenges and opportunities of auto moderation.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Feb 2023.
Builds on
15 of 34 references.
References · 15
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2019Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Posts in Social Mediacited by 268
- 2020SemEval-2020 Task 12: Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media (OffensEval 2020)cited by 138
- 2019A Benchmark Dataset for Learning to Intervene in Online Hate Speechcited by 128
- 2019CONAN -- COunter NArratives through Nichesourcing: a Multilingual Dataset of Responses to Fight Online Hate Speechcited by 109
- 2020Translation Artifacts in Cross-lingual Transfer Learningcited by 95
- 2021Overview of the HASOC track at FIRE 2020: Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Indo-European Languagescited by 38
- 2020Developing a Multilingual Annotated Corpus of Misogyny and Aggressioncited by 31
- 2022APPDIA: A Discourse-aware Transformer-based Style Transfer Model for Offensive Social Media Conversationscited by 23
- 2021Multilingual Offensive Language Identification for Low-resource Languagescited by 22
- 2019#MeTooMA: Multi-Aspect Annotations of Tweets Related to the MeToo Movementcited by 15
3 more
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 0; 2025: 6.
8 papers.
- 2025Enhancing LLM Safety Through a Theoretical Minimax Game Lenscited by 18
- 2023D-CALM: A Dynamic Clustering-based Active Learning Approach for Mitigating Biascited by 12
- 2025MrGuard: A Multilingual Reasoning Guardrail for Universal LLM Safetycited by 9
- 2023Demonstrations Are All You Need: Advancing Offensive Content Paraphrasing using In-Context Learningcited by 5
- 2025Embedding-based Retrieval in Multimodal Content Moderationcited by 4
- 2025From Moderation to Mediation: Can LLMs Serve as Mediators in Online Flame Wars?cited by 3
- 2025When Harmful Content Gets Camouflaged: Unveiling Perception Failure of LVLMs with CamHarmTIcited by 0
- 2025A Multi-Perspective Benchmark and Moderation Model for Evaluating Safety and Adversarial Robustnesscited by 0
- 2025A Multi-Perspective Benchmark and Moderation Model for Evaluating Safety and Adversarial Robustness22 Dec 2025
- 2025From Moderation to Mediation: Can LLMs Serve as Mediators in Online Flame Wars?2 Dec 2025
- 2025When Harmful Content Gets Camouflaged: Unveiling Perception Failure of LVLMs with CamHarmTI29 Nov 2025
- 2025Embedding-based Retrieval in Multimodal Content Moderation30 Jun 2025
- 2025MrGuard: A Multilingual Reasoning Guardrail for Universal LLM Safety21 Apr 2025
- 2025Enhancing LLM Safety Through a Theoretical Minimax Game Lens7 Feb 2025
- 2023Demonstrations Are All You Need: Advancing Offensive Content Paraphrasing using In-Context Learning16 Oct 2023
- 2023D-CALM: A Dynamic Clustering-based Active Learning Approach for Mitigating Bias26 May 2023