mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speech

arXiv 2106.11783 ↗First posted 22 Jun 2021cs.CL cs.CYcited by 42

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Abstract (arXiv)

Tackling online hatred using informed textual responses - called counter narratives - has been brought under the spotlight recently. Accordingly, a research line has emerged to automatically generate counter narratives in order to facilitate the direct intervention in the hate discussion and to prevent hate content from further spreading. Still, current neural approaches tend to produce generic/repetitive responses and lack grounded and up-to-date evidence such as facts, statistics, or examples. Moreover, these models can create plausible but not necessarily true arguments. In this paper we present the first complete knowledge-bound counter narrative generation pipeline, grounded in an external knowledge repository that can provide more informative content to fight online hatred. Together with our approach, we present a series of experiments that show its feasibility to produce suitable and informative counter narratives in in-domain and cross-domain settings.

Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Jun 2021.

Builds on

28 of 59 references.

References · 28

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16 more
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 21; 2025: 7; 2026: 7.

42 papers.

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  1. 2022Human-Machine Collaboration Approaches to Build a Dialogue Dataset for Hate Speech Counteringcited by 40
  2. 2023Reinforcement Learning-based Counter-Misinformation Response Generation: A Case Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformationcited by 39
  3. 2022Using Pre-Trained Language Models for Producing Counter Narratives Against Hate Speech: a Comparative Studycited by 30
  4. 2024Recent Advances in Hate Speech Moderation: Multimodality and the Role of Large Modelscited by 26
  5. 2024NLP for Counterspeech against Hate: A Survey and How-To Guidecited by 22
  6. 2024NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helpscited by 20
  7. 2023Understanding Counterspeech for Online Harm Mitigationcited by 17
  8. 2024On Zero-Shot Counterspeech Generation by LLMscited by 17
  9. 2024Contextualized Counterspeech: Strategies for Adaptation, Personalization, and Evaluationcited by 15
  10. 2023DisCGen: A Framework for Discourse-Informed Counterspeech Generationcited by 14
  11. 2024Outcome-Constrained Large Language Models for Countering Hate Speechcited by 12
  12. 2024Is Safer Better? The Impact of Guardrails on the Argumentative Strength of LLMs in Hate Speech Counteringcited by 11
30 more
  1. 2021Multilingual Counter Narrative Type Classificationcited by 10
  2. 2023Weigh Your Own Words: Improving Hate Speech Counter Narrative Generation via Attention Regularizationcited by 7
  3. 2024Basque and Spanish Counter Narrative Generation: Data Creation and Evaluationcited by 7
  4. 2024A Multi-Aspect Framework for Counter Narrative Evaluation using Large Language Modelscited by 6
  5. 2024A LLM-Based Ranking Method for the Evaluation of Automatic Counter-Narrative Generationcited by 6
  6. 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speechcited by 6
  7. 2024Assessing the Human Likeness of AI-Generated Counterspeechcited by 5
  8. 2024An Active Learning Framework for Inclusive Generation by Large Language Modelscited by 5
  9. 2025Echoes of Discord: Forecasting Hater Reactions to Counterspeechcited by 5
  10. 2024Northeastern Uni at Multilingual Counterspeech Generation: Enhancing Counter Speech Generation with LLM Alignment through Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 4
  11. 2025CSEval: Towards Automated, Multi-Dimensional, and Reference-Free Counterspeech Evaluation using Auto-Calibrated LLMscited by 4
  12. 2024Towards Effective Counter-Responses: Aligning Human Preferences with Strategies to Combat Online Trollingcited by 3
  13. 2024JurEE not Judges: safeguarding llm interactions with small, specialised Encoder Ensemblescited by 3
  14. 2025Multi-Agent Retrieval-Augmented Framework for Evidence-Based Counterspeech Against Health Misinformationcited by 3
  15. 2024Consolidating Strategies for Countering Hate Speech Using Persuasive Dialoguescited by 2
  16. 2025Debunking with Dialogue? Exploring AI-Generated Counterspeech to Challenge Conspiracy Theoriescited by 2
  17. 2025Effectiveness of Counter-Speech against Abusive Content: A Multidimensional Annotation and Classification Studycited by 2
  18. 2025Beating Harmful Stereotypes Through Facts: RAG-based Counter-speech Generationcited by 2
  19. 2024Alternative Speech: Complementary Method to Counter-Narrative for Better Discoursecited by 1
  20. 2024COT: A Generative Approach for Hate Speech Counter-Narratives via Contrastive Optimal Transportcited by 1
  21. 2024When in Doubt, Cascade: Towards Building Efficient and Capable Guardrailscited by 1
  22. 2026Assisted Counterspeech Writing at the Crossroads of Hate Speech and Misinformationcited by 1
  23. 2024Designing Human-AI Collaboration to Support Learning in Counterspeech Writingcited by 0
  24. 2025Can NLP Tackle Hate Speech in the Real World? Stakeholder-Informed Feedback and Survey on Counterspeechcited by 0
  25. 2026FC-CONAN: An Exhaustively Paired Dataset for Robust Evaluation of Retrieval Systemscited by 0
  26. 2026PEACE 2.0: Grounded Explanations and Counter-Speech for Combating Hate Expressionscited by 0
  27. 2026CATCH-ME if you RAG: a dataset of Contextually Annotated multi-Turn Counterspeech against Hate and Misinformation Exchangescited by 0
  28. 2026LoRA for Gender-Inclusive Rewriting and Activation Steering for Counter-Narrative Generationcited by 0
  29. 2026Contextualized Counterspeech Can Be More Persuasive Than Generic Counterspeechcited by 0
  30. 2026How Do People Challenge Racial Stereotypes Online? Counter-Story Detection Across Reddit Communitiescited by 0