Zero-Shot Grounding of Objects from Natural Language Queries
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Abstract (arXiv)
A phrase grounding system localizes a particular object in an image referred to by a natural language query. In previous work, the phrases were restricted to have nouns that were encountered in training, we extend the task to Zero-Shot Grounding(ZSG) which can include novel, "unseen" nouns. Current phrase grounding systems use an explicit object detection network in a 2-stage framework where one stage generates sparse proposals and the other stage evaluates them. In the ZSG setting, generating appropriate proposals itself becomes an obstacle as the proposal generator is trained on the entities common in the detection and grounding datasets. We propose a new single-stage model called ZSGNet which combines the detector network and the grounding system and predicts classification scores and regression parameters. Evaluation of ZSG system brings additional subtleties due to the influence of the relationship between the query and learned categories; we define four distinct conditions that incorporate different levels of difficulty. We also introduce new datasets, sub-sampled from Flickr30k Entities and Visual Genome, that enable evaluations for the four conditions. Our experiments show that ZSGNet achieves state-of-the-art performance on Flickr30k and ReferIt under the usual "seen" settings and performs significantly better than baseline in the zero-shot setting.
Key facts. Cited by 79 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Aug 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 21; 2022: 18; 2023: 16; 2024: 13; 2025: 10; 2026: 1.
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- 2021TransVG: End-to-End Visual Grounding with Transformerscited by 271
- 2024EarthGPT: A Universal Multi-modal Large Language Model for Multi-sensor Image Comprehension in Remote Sensing Domaincited by 184
- 2021CPT: Colorful Prompt Tuning for Pre-trained Vision-Language Modelscited by 183
- 2021Referring Transformer: A One-step Approach to Multi-task Visual Groundingcited by 143
- 2022SeqTR: A Simple yet Universal Network for Visual Groundingcited by 139
- 2021Bottom Up Top Down Detection Transformers for Language Grounding in Images and Point Cloudscited by 128
- 2021SAT: 2D Semantics Assisted Training for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 124
- 2022RSVG: Exploring Data and Models for Visual Grounding on Remote Sensing Datacited by 123
- 2022ReCLIP: A Strong Zero-Shot Baseline for Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 120
- 2021Encoder Fusion Network with Co-Attention Embedding for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 111
- 2022VLT: Vision-Language Transformer and Query Generation for Referring Segmentationcited by 111
- 20223D-SPS: Single-Stage 3D Visual Grounding via Referred Point Progressive Selectioncited by 110
38 more
- 2023Vision-Language Models in Remote Sensing: Current Progress and Future Trendscited by 93
- 2023Open-vocabulary Object Segmentation with Diffusion Modelscited by 82
- 2022Improving Visual Grounding with Visual-Linguistic Verification and Iterative Reasoningcited by 69
- 2023Contrastive Grouping with Transformer for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 54
- 2021Look Before You Leap: Learning Landmark Features for One-Stage Visual Groundingcited by 52
- 2024Toward Visual Grounding: A Surveycited by 52
- 2021Visual Grounding with Transformerscited by 42
- 2022TransVG++: End-to-End Visual Grounding with Language Conditioned Vision Transformercited by 42
- 2022Look Around and Refer: 2D Synthetic Semantics Knowledge Distillation for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 41
- 2023Described Object Detection: Liberating Object Detection with Flexible Expressionscited by 40
- 2025RemoteSAM: Towards Segment Anything for Earth Observationcited by 39
- 20233D-STMN: Dependency-Driven Superpoint-Text Matching Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 36
- 2023CLIP-VG: Self-paced Curriculum Adapting of CLIP for Visual Groundingcited by 35
- 2022Pseudo-Q: Generating Pseudo Language Queries for Visual Groundingcited by 33
- 2025ReferDINO: Referring Video Object Segmentation with Visual Grounding Foundationscited by 30
- 2023Context Disentangling and Prototype Inheriting for Robust Visual Groundingcited by 23
- 2023Language-guided Robot Grasping: CLIP-based Referring Grasp Synthesis in Cluttercited by 22
- 2023Mono3DVG: 3D Visual Grounding in Monocular Imagescited by 22
- 2022Adapting CLIP For Phrase Localization Without Further Trainingcited by 21
- 2021Iterative Shrinking for Referring Expression Grounding Using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 20
- 2023GroundVLP: Harnessing Zero-shot Visual Grounding from Vision-Language Pre-training and Open-Vocabulary Object Detectioncited by 20
- 20243D-GRES: Generalized 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 18
- 2021Disentangled Motif-aware Graph Learning for Phrase Groundingcited by 17
- 2021Towards Language-guided Visual Recognition via Dynamic Convolutionscited by 17
- 2022YORO -- Lightweight End to End Visual Groundingcited by 17
- 2021Word2Pix: Word to Pixel Cross Attention Transformer in Visual Groundingcited by 16
- 2021Who's Waldo? Linking People Across Text and Imagescited by 16
- 2021Deconfounded Visual Groundingcited by 16
- 2023RIO: A Benchmark for Reasoning Intention-Oriented Objects in Open Environmentscited by 15
- 2024SegVG: Transferring Object Bounding Box to Segmentation for Visual Groundingcited by 14
- 2022SiRi: A Simple Selective Retraining Mechanism for Transformer-based Visual Groundingcited by 12
- 2023Spatial and Visual Perspective-Taking via View Rotation and Relation Reasoning for Embodied Reference Understandingcited by 11
- 2023Towards Complex-query Referring Image Segmentation: A Novel Benchmarkcited by 10
- 2021Comprehensive Multi-Modal Interactions for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 9
- 2023NICE: Improving Panoptic Narrative Detection and Segmentation with Cascading Collaborative Learningcited by 8
- 2021Talk-to-Resolve: Combining scene understanding and spatial dialogue to resolve granular task ambiguity for a collocated robotcited by 7
- 2024LLM-Optic: Unveiling the Capabilities of Large Language Models for Universal Visual Groundingcited by 7
- 2024ResVG: Enhancing Relation and Semantic Understanding in Multiple Instances for Visual Groundingcited by 6
50 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026OptiSAR-Net++: A Large-Scale Benchmark and Transformer-Free Framework for Cross-Domain Remote Sensing Visual Grounding25 Mar 2026
- 2025GeoViS: Geospatially Rewarded Visual Search for Remote Sensing Visual Grounding2 Dec 2025
- 2025Enhancing Adversarial Transferability in Visual-Language Pre-training Models via Local Shuffle and Sample-based Attack2 Nov 2025
- 2025Referring Expression Comprehension for Small Objects4 Oct 2025
- 2025Prototype-Aware Multimodal Alignment for Open-Vocabulary Visual Grounding8 Sep 2025
- 2025A Coarse-to-Fine Approach to Multi-Modality 3D Occupancy Grounding2 Aug 2025
- 2025Talk2Event: Grounded Understanding of Dynamic Scenes from Event Cameras23 Jul 2025
- 2025RemoteSAM: Towards Segment Anything for Earth Observation23 May 2025
- 2025OS-W2S: An Automatic Labeling Engine for Language-Guided Open-Set Aerial Object Detection6 May 2025
- 2025MB-ORES: A Multi-Branch Object Reasoner for Visual Grounding in Remote Sensing31 Mar 2025
- 2025ReferDINO: Referring Video Object Segmentation with Visual Grounding Foundations24 Jan 2025
- 2024Toward Visual Grounding: A Survey28 Dec 2024
38 more
- 2024Automatic Prompt Generation and Grounding Object Detection for Zero-Shot Image Anomaly Detection28 Nov 2024
- 2024AD-DINO: Attention-Dynamic DINO for Distance-Aware Embodied Reference Understanding13 Nov 2024
- 2024Multi-Object 3D Grounding with Dynamic Modules and Language-Informed Spatial Attention29 Oct 2024
- 2024Joint Top-Down and Bottom-Up Frameworks for 3D Visual Grounding21 Oct 2024
- 2024ResVG: Enhancing Relation and Semantic Understanding in Multiple Instances for Visual Grounding29 Aug 2024
- 2024Explaining Caption-Image Interactions in CLIP Models with Second-Order Attributions26 Aug 2024
- 2024R2G: Reasoning to Ground in 3D Scenes24 Aug 2024
- 2024Tell Codec What Worth Compressing: Semantically Disentangled Image Coding for Machine with LMMs16 Aug 2024
- 20243D-GRES: Generalized 3D Referring Expression Segmentation30 Jul 2024
- 2024SegVG: Transferring Object Bounding Box to Segmentation for Visual Grounding3 Jul 2024
- 2024LLM-Optic: Unveiling the Capabilities of Large Language Models for Universal Visual Grounding27 May 2024
- 2024EarthGPT: A Universal Multi-modal Large Language Model for Multi-sensor Image Comprehension in Remote Sensing Domain30 Jan 2024
- 2023GroundVLP: Harnessing Zero-shot Visual Grounding from Vision-Language Pre-training and Open-Vocabulary Object Detection22 Dec 2023
- 2023Context Disentangling and Prototype Inheriting for Robust Visual Grounding19 Dec 2023
- 2023Mono3DVG: 3D Visual Grounding in Monocular Images13 Dec 2023
- 2023Which One? Leveraging Context Between Objects and Multiple Views for Language Grounding12 Nov 2023
- 2023Language-guided Robot Grasping: CLIP-based Referring Grasp Synthesis in Clutter9 Nov 2023
- 2023RIO: A Benchmark for Reasoning Intention-Oriented Objects in Open Environments26 Oct 2023
- 2023NICE: Improving Panoptic Narrative Detection and Segmentation with Cascading Collaborative Learning17 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Complex-query Referring Image Segmentation: A Novel Benchmark29 Sep 2023
- 2023Spatial and Visual Perspective-Taking via View Rotation and Relation Reasoning for Embodied Reference Understanding3 Sep 2023
- 2023Contrastive Grouping with Transformer for Referring Image Segmentation2 Sep 2023
- 20233D-STMN: Dependency-Driven Superpoint-Text Matching Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentation31 Aug 2023
- 2023Described Object Detection: Liberating Object Detection with Flexible Expressions24 Jul 2023
- 2023Iterative Robust Visual Grounding with Masked Reference based Centerpoint Supervision23 Jul 2023
- 2023CLIP-VG: Self-paced Curriculum Adapting of CLIP for Visual Grounding15 May 2023
- 2023Vision-Language Models in Remote Sensing: Current Progress and Future Trends9 May 2023
- 2023Open-vocabulary Object Segmentation with Diffusion Models12 Jan 2023
- 2022Look Around and Refer: 2D Synthetic Semantics Knowledge Distillation for 3D Visual Grounding25 Nov 2022
- 2022YORO -- Lightweight End to End Visual Grounding15 Nov 2022
- 2022VLT: Vision-Language Transformer and Query Generation for Referring Segmentation28 Oct 2022
- 2022RSVG: Exploring Data and Models for Visual Grounding on Remote Sensing Data23 Oct 2022
- 2022Enhancing Interpretability and Interactivity in Robot Manipulation: A Neurosymbolic Approach3 Oct 2022
- 2022One for All: One-stage Referring Expression Comprehension with Dynamic Reasoning31 Jul 2022
- 2022DoRO: Disambiguation of referred object for embodied agents28 Jul 2022
- 2022SiRi: A Simple Selective Retraining Mechanism for Transformer-based Visual Grounding27 Jul 2022
- 2022TransVG++: End-to-End Visual Grounding with Language Conditioned Vision Transformer14 Jun 2022
- 2022Sim-To-Real Transfer of Visual Grounding for Human-Aided Ambiguity Resolution24 May 2022
50 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2024EarthGPT: A Universal Multi-modal Large Language Model for Multi-sensor Image Comprehension in Remote Sensing Domaincited by 184
- 2021CPT: Colorful Prompt Tuning for Pre-trained Vision-Language Modelscited by 183
- 2023Vision-Language Models in Remote Sensing: Current Progress and Future Trendscited by 93
- 2023GroundVLP: Harnessing Zero-shot Visual Grounding from Vision-Language Pre-training and Open-Vocabulary Object Detectioncited by 20
- 2024Tell Codec What Worth Compressing: Semantically Disentangled Image Coding for Machine with LMMscited by 5
- 2025GeoViS: Geospatially Rewarded Visual Search for Remote Sensing Visual Groundingcited by 4
- 2025GeoViS: Geospatially Rewarded Visual Search for Remote Sensing Visual Grounding2 Dec 2025
- 2024Tell Codec What Worth Compressing: Semantically Disentangled Image Coding for Machine with LMMs16 Aug 2024
- 2024EarthGPT: A Universal Multi-modal Large Language Model for Multi-sensor Image Comprehension in Remote Sensing Domain30 Jan 2024
- 2023GroundVLP: Harnessing Zero-shot Visual Grounding from Vision-Language Pre-training and Open-Vocabulary Object Detection22 Dec 2023
- 2023Vision-Language Models in Remote Sensing: Current Progress and Future Trends9 May 2023
- 2021CPT: Colorful Prompt Tuning for Pre-trained Vision-Language Models24 Sep 2021
- 2022Suspected Object Matters: Rethinking Model's Prediction for One-stage Visual Groundingcited by 4
- 2022One for All: One-stage Referring Expression Comprehension with Dynamic Reasoningcited by 3
- 2022Enhancing Interpretability and Interactivity in Robot Manipulation: A Neurosymbolic Approachcited by 1
- 2022Enhancing Interpretability and Interactivity in Robot Manipulation: A Neurosymbolic Approach3 Oct 2022
- 2022One for All: One-stage Referring Expression Comprehension with Dynamic Reasoning31 Jul 2022
- 2022Suspected Object Matters: Rethinking Model's Prediction for One-stage Visual Grounding10 Mar 2022
- 2023Open-vocabulary Object Segmentation with Diffusion Modelscited by 82
- 2023Open-vocabulary Object Segmentation with Diffusion Models12 Jan 2023
- 2021TransVG: End-to-End Visual Grounding with Transformerscited by 271
- 2021Referring Transformer: A One-step Approach to Multi-task Visual Groundingcited by 143
- 2022SeqTR: A Simple yet Universal Network for Visual Groundingcited by 139
- 2021Bottom Up Top Down Detection Transformers for Language Grounding in Images and Point Cloudscited by 128
- 2021SAT: 2D Semantics Assisted Training for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 124
- 2022RSVG: Exploring Data and Models for Visual Grounding on Remote Sensing Datacited by 123
- 2022ReCLIP: A Strong Zero-Shot Baseline for Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 120
- 2021Encoder Fusion Network with Co-Attention Embedding for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 111
- 2022VLT: Vision-Language Transformer and Query Generation for Referring Segmentationcited by 111
- 20223D-SPS: Single-Stage 3D Visual Grounding via Referred Point Progressive Selectioncited by 110
- 2022Improving Visual Grounding with Visual-Linguistic Verification and Iterative Reasoningcited by 69
- 2023Contrastive Grouping with Transformer for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 54
12 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2025Enhancing Adversarial Transferability in Visual-Language Pre-training Models via Local Shuffle and Sample-based Attack2 Nov 2025
- 2025Referring Expression Comprehension for Small Objects4 Oct 2025
- 2025Prototype-Aware Multimodal Alignment for Open-Vocabulary Visual Grounding8 Sep 2025
- 2025A Coarse-to-Fine Approach to Multi-Modality 3D Occupancy Grounding2 Aug 2025
- 2025Talk2Event: Grounded Understanding of Dynamic Scenes from Event Cameras23 Jul 2025
- 2025RemoteSAM: Towards Segment Anything for Earth Observation23 May 2025
- 2025OS-W2S: An Automatic Labeling Engine for Language-Guided Open-Set Aerial Object Detection6 May 2025
- 2025MB-ORES: A Multi-Branch Object Reasoner for Visual Grounding in Remote Sensing31 Mar 2025
- 2025ReferDINO: Referring Video Object Segmentation with Visual Grounding Foundations24 Jan 2025
- 2024Toward Visual Grounding: A Survey28 Dec 2024
- 2024Automatic Prompt Generation and Grounding Object Detection for Zero-Shot Image Anomaly Detection28 Nov 2024
- 2024AD-DINO: Attention-Dynamic DINO for Distance-Aware Embodied Reference Understanding13 Nov 2024
12 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)