mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Look at Boundary: A Boundary-Aware Face Alignment Algorithm

arXiv 1805.10483 ↗First posted 26 May 2018cs.CVcited by 138

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present a novel boundary-aware face alignment algorithm by utilising boundary lines as the geometric structure of a human face to help facial landmark localisation. Unlike the conventional heatmap based method and regression based method, our approach derives face landmarks from boundary lines which remove the ambiguities in the landmark definition. Three questions are explored and answered by this work: 1. Why using boundary? 2. How to use boundary? 3. What is the relationship between boundary estimation and landmarks localisation? Our boundary- aware face alignment algorithm achieves 3.49% mean error on 300-W Fullset, which outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. Our method can also easily integrate information from other datasets. By utilising boundary information of 300-W dataset, our method achieves 3.92% mean error with 0.39% failure rate on COFW dataset, and 1.25% mean error on AFLW-Full dataset. Moreover, we propose a new dataset WFLW to unify training and testing across different factors, including poses, expressions, illuminations, makeups, occlusions, and blurriness. Dataset and model will be publicly available at https://wywu.github.io/projects/LAB/LAB.html

Key facts. Cited by 138 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 May 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 39; 2022: 26; 2023: 22; 2024: 24; 2025: 15; 2026: 12.

138 papers.

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  1. 2022CelebV-HQ: A Large-Scale Video Facial Attributes Datasetcited by 250
  2. 2021Fake It Till You Make It: Face analysis in the wild using synthetic data alonecited by 200
  3. 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 200
  4. 2021General Facial Representation Learning in a Visual-Linguistic Mannercited by 195
  5. 2021Audio-Driven Emotional Video Portraitscited by 180
  6. 2022Not All Tokens Are Equal: Human-centric Visual Analysis via Token Clustering Transformercited by 101
  7. 2023Diffusion Model as Representation Learnercited by 95
  8. 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarkscited by 70
  9. 2022Sparse Local Patch Transformer for Robust Face Alignment and Landmarks Inherent Relation Learningcited by 47
  10. 2023RenderMe-360: A Large Digital Asset Library and Benchmarks Towards High-fidelity Head Avatarscited by 45
  11. 2023STAR Loss: Reducing Semantic Ambiguity in Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 43
  12. 2023High-Fidelity and Freely Controllable Talking Head Video Generationcited by 42
38 more
  1. 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognitioncited by 38
  2. 2022Pose for Everything: Towards Category-Agnostic Pose Estimationcited by 36
  3. 2021Zoo-Tuning: Adaptive Transfer from a Zoo of Modelscited by 35
  4. 2021ADNet: Leveraging Error-Bias Towards Normal Direction in Face Alignmentcited by 34
  5. 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
  6. 2021Deep Learning-based Face Super-Resolution: A Surveycited by 32
  7. 2022DAD-3DHeads: A Large-scale Dense, Accurate and Diverse Dataset for 3D Head Alignment from a Single Imagecited by 31
  8. 2022Towards Accurate Facial Landmark Detection via Cascaded Transformerscited by 31
  9. 2021Supervision by Registration and Triangulation for Landmark Detectioncited by 30
  10. 2021Synergy between 3DMM and 3D Landmarks for Accurate 3D Facial Geometrycited by 27
  11. 2023Recurrence without Recurrence: Stable Video Landmark Detection with Deep Equilibrium Modelscited by 27
  12. 2021Pre-training strategies and datasets for facial representation learningcited by 26
  13. 2021Sparse to Dense Motion Transfer for Face Image Animationcited by 25
  14. 2022Towards Realistic Visual Dubbing with Heterogeneous Sourcescited by 24
  15. 2022Multi-task head pose estimation in-the-wildcited by 23
  16. 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
  17. 2022Shape Preserving Facial Landmarks with Graph Attention Networkscited by 23
  18. 2023Zero-shot Model Diagnosiscited by 23
  19. 2025Pixel3DMM: Versatile Screen-Space Priors for Single-Image 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 20
  20. 2024RTMW: Real-Time Multi-Person 2D and 3D Whole-body Pose Estimationcited by 19
  21. 2021Fast Facial Landmark Detection and Applications: A Surveycited by 18
  22. 2022DuetFace: Collaborative Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition via Channel Splitting in the Frequency Domaincited by 18
  23. 2021Inverting Generative Adversarial Renderer for Face Reconstructioncited by 17
  24. 2024Self-Supervised Facial Representation Learning with Facial Region Awarenesscited by 17
  25. 2021AGRNet: Adaptive Graph Representation Learning and Reasoning for Face Parsingcited by 16
  26. 2021Which images to label for few-shot medical landmark detection?cited by 16
  27. 2022Mask-FPAN: Semi-Supervised Face Parsing in the Wild With De-Occlusion and UV GANcited by 16
  28. 2023Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Reference Heatmap Transformercited by 16
  29. 2021HIH: Towards More Accurate Face Alignment via Heatmap in Heatmapcited by 15
  30. 2021Subpixel Heatmap Regression for Facial Landmark Localizationcited by 14
  31. 2022RePFormer: Refinement Pyramid Transformer for Robust Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 13
  32. 2023Reverse Knowledge Distillation: Training a Large Model using a Small One for Retinal Image Matching on Limited Datacited by 13
  33. 2024Faceptor: A Generalist Model for Face Perceptioncited by 13
  34. 2025FaceShot: Bring Any Character into Lifecited by 13
  35. 2025TokBench: Evaluating Your Visual Tokenizer before Visual Generationcited by 13
  36. 2023Open-Vocabulary Animal Keypoint Detection with Semantic-feature Matchingcited by 11
  37. 2021ASMNet: a Lightweight Deep Neural Network for Face Alignment and Pose Estimationcited by 10
  38. 2023Audio-Driven Dubbing for User Generated Contents via Style-Aware Semi-Parametric Synthesiscited by 10

50 most cited of 138 All 138 (JSON)