RTMW: Real-Time Multi-Person 2D and 3D Whole-body Pose Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Whole-body pose estimation is a challenging task that requires simultaneous prediction of keypoints for the body, hands, face, and feet. Whole-body pose estimation aims to predict fine-grained pose information for the human body, including the face, torso, hands, and feet, which plays an important role in the study of human-centric perception and generation and in various applications. In this work, we present RTMW (Real-Time Multi-person Whole-body pose estimation models), a series of high-performance models for 2D/3D whole-body pose estimation. We incorporate RTMPose model architecture with FPN and HEM (Hierarchical Encoding Module) to better capture pose information from different body parts with various scales. The model is trained with a rich collection of open-source human keypoint datasets with manually aligned annotations and further enhanced via a two-stage distillation strategy. RTMW demonstrates strong performance on multiple whole-body pose estimation benchmarks while maintaining high inference efficiency and deployment friendliness. We release three sizes: m/l/x, with RTMW-l achieving a 70.2 mAP on the COCO-Wholebody benchmark, making it the first open-source model to exceed 70 mAP on this benchmark. Meanwhile, we explored the performance of RTMW in the task of 3D whole-body pose estimation, conducting image-based monocular 3D whole-body pose estimation in a coordinate classification manner. We hope this work can benefit both academic research and industrial applications. The code and models have been made publicly available at: https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmpose/tree/main/projects/rtmpose
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jul 2024.
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36 of 41 references.
References · 36
- 2021Pyramid Vision Transformer: A Versatile Backbone for Dense Prediction without Convolutionscited by 1,962
- 2019Generating Diverse High-Fidelity Images with VQ-VAE-2cited by 1,387
- 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Human Pose Estimationcited by 1,339
- 2018OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,162
- 2018Path Aggregation Network for Instance Segmentationcited by 798
- 2019MediaPipe: A Framework for Building Perception Pipelinescited by 583
- 2018Simple Baselines for Human Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 502
- 20183D human pose estimation in video with temporal convolutions and semi-supervised trainingcited by 403
- 2017A simple yet effective baseline for 3d human pose estimationcited by 401
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 311
- 2013DeepPose: Human Pose Estimation via Deep Neural Networkscited by 305
- 2017Integral Human Pose Regressioncited by 256
24 more
- 2020InterHand2.6M: A Dataset and Baseline for 3D Interacting Hand Pose Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 245
- 2016Coarse-to-Fine Volumetric Prediction for Single-Image 3D Human Posecited by 221
- 2018CrowdPose: Efficient Crowded Scenes Pose Estimation and A New Benchmarkcited by 214
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 200
- 2022RTMDet: An Empirical Study of Designing Real-Time Object Detectorscited by 195
- 2022MotionBERT: A Unified Perspective on Learning Human Motion Representationscited by 193
- 2020Whole-Body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 178
- 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPosecited by 175
- 2019Distribution-Aware Coordinate Representation for Human Pose Estimationcited by 165
- 2018Look at Boundary: A Boundary-Aware Face Alignment Algorithmcited by 138
- 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
- 2023One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery with Component Aware Transformercited by 130
- 2023DNA-Rendering: A Diverse Neural Actor Repository for High-Fidelity Human-centric Renderingcited by 103
- 2019The Devil is in the Details: Delving into Unbiased Data Processing for Human Pose Estimationcited by 79
- 2021SimCC: a Simple Coordinate Classification Perspective for Human Pose Estimationcited by 68
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenescited by 68
- 2020Learning Delicate Local Representations for Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 65
- 2020CanonPose: Self-Supervised Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 65
- 2022Poseur: Direct Human Pose Regression with Transformerscited by 43
- 2021Polarized Self-Attention: Towards High-quality Pixel-wise Regressioncited by 39
- 2023RTMO: Towards High-Performance One-Stage Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 34
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
- 2022H3WB: Human3.6M 3D WholeBody Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 23
- 2019Can Adversarial Networks Hallucinate Occluded People With a Plausible Aspect?cited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 15.
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- 2026CIGPose: Causal Intervention Graph Neural Network for Whole-Body Pose Estimationcited by 1
- 2026DanceHMR: Hand-Aware Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery from Monocular Videoscited by 1
- 2026AnyMo: Scaling Any-Modality Conditional Motion Generation with Masked Modelingcited by 1
- 2026DriveMotion: A Large-Scale Multi-Source Benchmark for Driver Motion Sequence Modeling and Forecastingcited by 1
- 2025SegSLR: Promptable Video Segmentation for Isolated Sign Language Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Paving the Way Towards Kinematic Assessment Using Monocular Video: A Preclinical Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Deep-Learning-Based 3D Human Pose Estimators Against Inertial Sensors in Daily Living Activitiescited by 0
- 2025Lightweight Facial Landmark Detection in Thermal Images via Multi-Level Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfercited by 0
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- 2026ReSCUE: Re-translation with Sentence Commitment for Unsegmented Long-Form Simultaneous Sign Language Translationcited by 0
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- 2026OmniSmartHome: A Multimodal Reasoning Benchmark for Smart-Home Agents26 Sep 2026
- 2026DrGait: Biomechanically Grounded Visual Reasoning for Interpretable Clinical Gait Analysis23 Sep 2026
- 2026Where Should I Join? Robot Group Joining via Language-Guided Goal Prediction23 Sep 2026
- 2026STA-TFM: Spatio-Temporal Aggregation Across Views TransForMer for Pose Estimation21 Sep 2026
- 2026DriveMotion: A Large-Scale Multi-Source Benchmark for Driver Motion Sequence Modeling and Forecasting8 Sep 2026
- 2026SocioGesture: Real-Time and Adaptive Social Gesture Perception for Human-Robot Interaction3 Sep 2026
- 2026AnyMo: Scaling Any-Modality Conditional Motion Generation with Masked Modeling28 May 2026
- 2026DanceHMR: Hand-Aware Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery from Monocular Videos18 May 2026
- 2026Vision-Based Human Awareness Estimation for Enhanced Safety and Efficiency of AMRs in Industrial Warehouses18 Apr 2026
- 2026GHOST: Fast Category-agnostic Hand-Object Interaction Reconstruction from RGB Videos using Gaussian Splatting19 Mar 2026
- 2026MVHOI: Bridge Multi-view Condition to Complex Human-Object Interaction Video Reenactment via 3D Foundation Model16 Mar 2026
7 more
- 2026CIGPose: Causal Intervention Graph Neural Network for Whole-Body Pose Estimation10 Mar 2026
- 2026MV-Fashion: Towards Enabling Virtual Try-On and Size Estimation with Multi-View Paired Data9 Mar 2026
- 2026Gesture Matters: Pedestrian Gesture Recognition for AVs Through Skeleton Pose Evaluation9 Feb 2026
- 2025Lightweight Facial Landmark Detection in Thermal Images via Multi-Level Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfer13 Oct 2025
- 2025Paving the Way Towards Kinematic Assessment Using Monocular Video: A Preclinical Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Deep-Learning-Based 3D Human Pose Estimators Against Inertial Sensors in Daily Living Activities2 Oct 2025
- 2025SegSLR: Promptable Video Segmentation for Isolated Sign Language Recognition12 Sep 2025
- 2025ProGait: A Multi-Purpose Video Dataset and Benchmark for Transfemoral Prosthesis Users14 Jul 2025
- 2025ProGait: A Multi-Purpose Video Dataset and Benchmark for Transfemoral Prosthesis Userscited by 3
- 2026MVHOI: Bridge Multi-view Condition to Complex Human-Object Interaction Video Reenactment via 3D Foundation Modelcited by 3
- 2026GHOST: Fast Category-agnostic Hand-Object Interaction Reconstruction from RGB Videos using Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
- 2026CIGPose: Causal Intervention Graph Neural Network for Whole-Body Pose Estimationcited by 1
- 2026DanceHMR: Hand-Aware Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery from Monocular Videoscited by 1
- 2026AnyMo: Scaling Any-Modality Conditional Motion Generation with Masked Modelingcited by 1
- 2026DriveMotion: A Large-Scale Multi-Source Benchmark for Driver Motion Sequence Modeling and Forecastingcited by 1
- 2025SegSLR: Promptable Video Segmentation for Isolated Sign Language Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Paving the Way Towards Kinematic Assessment Using Monocular Video: A Preclinical Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Deep-Learning-Based 3D Human Pose Estimators Against Inertial Sensors in Daily Living Activitiescited by 0
- 2026Gesture Matters: Pedestrian Gesture Recognition for AVs Through Skeleton Pose Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026MV-Fashion: Towards Enabling Virtual Try-On and Size Estimation with Multi-View Paired Datacited by 0
- 2026Vision-Based Human Awareness Estimation for Enhanced Safety and Efficiency of AMRs in Industrial Warehousescited by 0
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026ReSCUE: Re-translation with Sentence Commitment for Unsegmented Long-Form Simultaneous Sign Language Translation2 Oct 2026
- 2026Where Should I Join? Robot Group Joining via Language-Guided Goal Prediction23 Sep 2026
- 2026STA-TFM: Spatio-Temporal Aggregation Across Views TransForMer for Pose Estimation21 Sep 2026
- 2026DriveMotion: A Large-Scale Multi-Source Benchmark for Driver Motion Sequence Modeling and Forecasting8 Sep 2026
- 2026SocioGesture: Real-Time and Adaptive Social Gesture Perception for Human-Robot Interaction3 Sep 2026
- 2026AnyMo: Scaling Any-Modality Conditional Motion Generation with Masked Modeling28 May 2026
- 2026DanceHMR: Hand-Aware Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery from Monocular Videos18 May 2026
- 2026Vision-Based Human Awareness Estimation for Enhanced Safety and Efficiency of AMRs in Industrial Warehouses18 Apr 2026
- 2026GHOST: Fast Category-agnostic Hand-Object Interaction Reconstruction from RGB Videos using Gaussian Splatting19 Mar 2026
- 2026MVHOI: Bridge Multi-view Condition to Complex Human-Object Interaction Video Reenactment via 3D Foundation Model16 Mar 2026
- 2026CIGPose: Causal Intervention Graph Neural Network for Whole-Body Pose Estimation10 Mar 2026
- 2026MV-Fashion: Towards Enabling Virtual Try-On and Size Estimation with Multi-View Paired Data9 Mar 2026
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)