Learning to Detect and Track Visible and Occluded Body Joints in a Virtual World
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-People Tracking in an open-world setting requires a special effort in precise detection. Moreover, temporal continuity in the detection phase gains more importance when scene cluttering introduces the challenging problems of occluded targets. For the purpose, we propose a deep network architecture that jointly extracts people body parts and associates them across short temporal spans. Our model explicitly deals with occluded body parts, by hallucinating plausible solutions of not visible joints. We propose a new end-to-end architecture composed by four branches (visible heatmaps, occluded heatmaps, part affinity fields and temporal affinity fields) fed by a time linker feature extractor. To overcome the lack of surveillance data with tracking, body part and occlusion annotations we created the vastest Computer Graphics dataset for people tracking in urban scenarios by exploiting a photorealistic videogame. It is up to now the vastest dataset (about 500.000 frames, almost 10 million body poses) of human body parts for people tracking in urban scenarios. Our architecture trained on virtual data exhibits good generalization capabilities also on public real tracking benchmarks, when image resolution and sharpness are high enough, producing reliable tracklets useful for further batch data association or re-id modules.
Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 19; 2023: 16; 2024: 14; 2025: 8; 2026: 8.
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- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 518
- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 236
- 2021Learning to Track with Object Permanencecited by 119
- 2023Inter-X: Towards Versatile Human-Human Interaction Analysiscited by 98
- 2022ActFormer: A GAN-based Transformer towards General Action-Conditioned 3D Human Motion Generationcited by 77
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 69
- 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 64
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 50
- 2022Learning 3D Human Pose Estimation from Dozens of Datasets using a Geometry-Aware Autoencoder to Bridge Between Skeleton Formatscited by 50
- 2021Reconstructing 3D Human Pose by Watching Humans in the Mirrorcited by 47
- 2021SAIL-VOS 3D: A Synthetic Dataset and Baselines for Object Detection and 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Video Datacited by 38
38 more
- 2023Social-Transmotion: Promptable Human Trajectory Predictioncited by 33
- 2021Review of Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction Methods: Comparing Deep Learning and Knowledge-based Approachescited by 30
- 2022Synthetic Data in Human Analysis: A Surveycited by 28
- 2024EgoGen: An Egocentric Synthetic Data Generatorcited by 27
- 2022JRDB-Pose: A Large-scale Dataset for Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 25
- 2025A Survey on Human Interaction Motion Generationcited by 25
- 2021A Survey on Human-aware Robot Navigationcited by 24
- 2022BodySLAM: Joint Camera Localisation, Mapping, and Human Motion Trackingcited by 24
- 2021PandaNet : Anchor-Based Single-Shot Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 22
- 2022Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning by Synchronous Momentum Groupingcited by 22
- 2024Multi-Transmotion: Pre-trained Model for Human Motion Predictioncited by 21
- 2023Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 20
- 2023Reconstructing Groups of People with Hypergraph Relational Reasoningcited by 18
- 2021Monocular 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation by Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Networkscited by 16
- 2022PSP-HDRI+: A Synthetic Dataset Generator for Pre-Training of Human-Centric Computer Vision Modelscited by 15
- 2022Large Scale Real-World Multi-Person Trackingcited by 14
- 2022Dual networks based 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 13
- 2021VersatileGait: A Large-Scale Synthetic Gait Dataset with Fine-GrainedAttributes and Complicated Scenarioscited by 12
- 2022Synthehicle: Multi-Vehicle Multi-Camera Tracking in Virtual Citiescited by 12
- 2021PeopleSansPeople: A Synthetic Data Generator for Human-Centric Computer Visioncited by 11
- 2022Pedestrian 3D Bounding Box Predictioncited by 11
- 2022Progressive Transformation Learning for Leveraging Virtual Images in Trainingcited by 10
- 2025Physical Plausibility-aware Trajectory Prediction via Locomotion Embodimentcited by 10
- 2021UltraPose: Synthesizing Dense Pose with 1 Billion Points by Human-body Decoupling 3D Modelcited by 9
- 2023PointHPS: Cascaded 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Point Cloudscited by 9
- 2024SPAMming Labels: Efficient Annotations for the Trackers of Tomorrowcited by 7
- 2022Snipper: A Spatiotemporal Transformer for Simultaneous Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation Tracking and Forecasting on a Video Snippetcited by 6
- 2023AttMOT: Improving Multiple-Object Tracking by Introducing Auxiliary Pedestrian Attributescited by 6
- 2023Human Body Pose Estimation for Gait Identification: A Comprehensive Survey of Datasets and Modelscited by 5
- 2023M3Act: Learning from Synthetic Human Group Activitiescited by 5
- 2024WheelPose: Data Synthesis Techniques to Improve Pose Estimation Performance on Wheelchair Userscited by 5
- 2025Social-Pose: Enhancing Trajectory Prediction with Human Body Posecited by 5
- 2022A Benchmark of Video-Based Clothes-Changing Person Re-Identificationcited by 4
- 2023Alice Benchmarks: Connecting Real World Re-Identification with the Syntheticcited by 4
- 2024Deep video representation learning: a surveycited by 4
- 2024Human Modelling and Pose Estimation Overviewcited by 4
- 2026Syn4D: A Multiview Synthetic 4D Datasetcited by 4
- 2022Permutation-Invariant Relational Network for Multi-person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 3
50 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2026PanoPed: Beyond Bounding Boxes for Sim-to-Real Panoramic Pedestrian Tracking25 Sep 2026
- 2026WorldRover: A Scalable Synthetic Video Data Engine for World Exploration with Rich Annotations16 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified Prediction and Planning via Conflict-Aware Disjoint Parameter Training22 Jul 2026
- 2026Three-Step Hierarchical Transformer for Multi-Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction22 Jun 2026
- 2026Syn4D: A Multiview Synthetic 4D Dataset6 May 2026
- 2026IndoorCrowd: A Multi-Scene Dataset for Human Detection, Segmentation, and Tracking with an Automated Annotation Pipeline2 Apr 2026
- 2026Robust Human Trajectory Prediction via Self-Supervised Skeleton Representation Learning26 Feb 2026
- 2026JRDB-Pose3D: A Multi-person 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation Dataset for Robotics3 Feb 2026
- 2025A Survey of Body and Face Motion: Datasets, Performance Evaluation Metrics and Generative Techniques9 Dec 2025
- 2025Valeo Near-Field: a novel dataset for pedestrian intent detection17 Oct 2025
- 2025To New Beginnings: A Survey of Unified Perception in Autonomous Vehicle Software28 Aug 2025
- 2025Social-Pose: Enhancing Trajectory Prediction with Human Body Pose30 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Towards Predicting Any Human Trajectory In Context1 Jun 2025
- 2025Physical Plausibility-aware Trajectory Prediction via Locomotion Embodiment21 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey on Human Interaction Motion Generation17 Mar 2025
- 2025ANTHROPOS-V: benchmarking the novel task of Crowd Volume Estimation3 Jan 2025
- 2024RealTraj: Towards Real-World Pedestrian Trajectory Forecasting26 Nov 2024
- 2024Multi-Transmotion: Pre-trained Model for Human Motion Prediction4 Nov 2024
- 2024SYNOSIS: Image synthesis pipeline for machine vision in metal surface inspection18 Oct 2024
- 2024HEADS-UP: Head-Mounted Egocentric Dataset for Trajectory Prediction in Blind Assistance Systems30 Sep 2024
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation10 Jul 2024
- 2024Human Modelling and Pose Estimation Overview27 Jun 2024
- 2024Deep video representation learning: a survey10 May 2024
- 2024WheelPose: Data Synthesis Techniques to Improve Pose Estimation Performance on Wheelchair Users25 Apr 2024
- 2024SPAMming Labels: Efficient Annotations for the Trackers of Tomorrow17 Apr 2024
- 2024An Animation-based Augmentation Approach for Action Recognition from Discontinuous Video10 Apr 2024
- 2024Domain Generalizable Person Search Using Unreal Dataset31 Mar 2024
- 2024WALT3D: Generating Realistic Training Data from Time-Lapse Imagery for Reconstructing Dynamic Objects under Occlusion27 Mar 2024
- 2024GTAutoAct: An Automatic Datasets Generation Framework Based on Game Engine Redevelopment for Action Recognition24 Jan 2024
- 2024EgoGen: An Egocentric Synthetic Data Generator16 Jan 2024
- 2023Social-Transmotion: Promptable Human Trajectory Prediction26 Dec 2023
- 2023Inter-X: Towards Versatile Human-Human Interaction Analysis26 Dec 2023
- 2023A Unified Simulation Framework for Visual and Behavioral Fidelity in Crowd Analysis5 Dec 2023
- 2023Alice Benchmarks: Connecting Real World Re-Identification with the Synthetic6 Oct 2023
- 2023Reconstructing Groups of People with Hypergraph Relational Reasoning30 Aug 2023
- 2023PointHPS: Cascaded 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Point Clouds28 Aug 2023
- 2023Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Survey26 Aug 2023
- 2023AttMOT: Improving Multiple-Object Tracking by Introducing Auxiliary Pedestrian Attributes15 Aug 2023
- 2023ParGANDA: Making Synthetic Pedestrians A Reality For Object Detection21 Jul 2023
- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motion29 Jun 2023
- 2023M3Act: Learning from Synthetic Human Group Activities29 Jun 2023
- 2023Data-Driven but Privacy-Conscious: Pedestrian Dataset De-identification via Full-Body Person Synthesis20 Jun 2023
- 2023Human Body Pose Estimation for Gait Identification: A Comprehensive Survey of Datasets and Models23 May 2023
- 2023Diffusion Dataset Generation: Towards Closing the Sim2Real Gap for Pedestrian Detection16 May 2023
- 2023CrowdSim2: an Open Synthetic Benchmark for Object Detectors11 Apr 2023
- 2023Supervised Virtual-to-Real Domain Adaptation for Object Detection Task using YOLO27 Feb 2023
- 2022Learning 3D Human Pose Estimation from Dozens of Datasets using a Geometry-Aware Autoencoder to Bridge Between Skeleton Formats29 Dec 2022
- 2022A Benchmark of Video-Based Clothes-Changing Person Re-Identification21 Nov 2022
- 2022Large Scale Real-World Multi-Person Tracking3 Nov 2022
- 2022Progressive Transformation Learning for Leveraging Virtual Images in Training3 Nov 2022
50 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 518
- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 236
- 2021Learning to Track with Object Permanencecited by 119
- 2023Inter-X: Towards Versatile Human-Human Interaction Analysiscited by 98
- 2022ActFormer: A GAN-based Transformer towards General Action-Conditioned 3D Human Motion Generationcited by 77
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 69
- 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 64
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 50
- 2022Learning 3D Human Pose Estimation from Dozens of Datasets using a Geometry-Aware Autoencoder to Bridge Between Skeleton Formatscited by 50
- 2021Reconstructing 3D Human Pose by Watching Humans in the Mirrorcited by 47
- 2021SAIL-VOS 3D: A Synthetic Dataset and Baselines for Object Detection and 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Video Datacited by 38
12 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2026PanoPed: Beyond Bounding Boxes for Sim-to-Real Panoramic Pedestrian Tracking25 Sep 2026
- 2026WorldRover: A Scalable Synthetic Video Data Engine for World Exploration with Rich Annotations16 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified Prediction and Planning via Conflict-Aware Disjoint Parameter Training22 Jul 2026
- 2026Three-Step Hierarchical Transformer for Multi-Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction22 Jun 2026
- 2026Syn4D: A Multiview Synthetic 4D Dataset6 May 2026
- 2026IndoorCrowd: A Multi-Scene Dataset for Human Detection, Segmentation, and Tracking with an Automated Annotation Pipeline2 Apr 2026
- 2026Robust Human Trajectory Prediction via Self-Supervised Skeleton Representation Learning26 Feb 2026
- 2026JRDB-Pose3D: A Multi-person 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation Dataset for Robotics3 Feb 2026
- 2025A Survey of Body and Face Motion: Datasets, Performance Evaluation Metrics and Generative Techniques9 Dec 2025
- 2025Valeo Near-Field: a novel dataset for pedestrian intent detection17 Oct 2025
- 2025To New Beginnings: A Survey of Unified Perception in Autonomous Vehicle Software28 Aug 2025
- 2025Social-Pose: Enhancing Trajectory Prediction with Human Body Pose30 Jul 2025
12 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)