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Multiagent Bidirectionally-Coordinated Nets: Emergence of Human-level Coordination in Learning to Play StarCraft Combat Games

arXiv 1703.10069 ↗First posted 29 Mar 2017cs.AI cs.LGcited by 93

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Abstract (arXiv)

Many artificial intelligence (AI) applications often require multiple intelligent agents to work in a collaborative effort. Efficient learning for intra-agent communication and coordination is an indispensable step towards general AI. In this paper, we take StarCraft combat game as a case study, where the task is to coordinate multiple agents as a team to defeat their enemies. To maintain a scalable yet effective communication protocol, we introduce a Multiagent Bidirectionally-Coordinated Network (BiCNet ['bIknet]) with a vectorised extension of actor-critic formulation. We show that BiCNet can handle different types of combats with arbitrary numbers of AI agents for both sides. Our analysis demonstrates that without any supervisions such as human demonstrations or labelled data, BiCNet could learn various types of advanced coordination strategies that have been commonly used by experienced game players. In our experiments, we evaluate our approach against multiple baselines under different scenarios; it shows state-of-the-art performance, and possesses potential values for large-scale real-world applications.

Key facts. Cited by 93 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2019: 1; 2020: 0; 2021: 17; 2022: 22; 2023: 19; 2024: 15; 2025: 13; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2022A Review of Safe Reinforcement Learning: Methods, Theory and Applicationscited by 169
  2. 2023Large Language Models Play StarCraft II: Benchmarks and A Chain of Summarization Approachcited by 79
  3. 2024Learning Multi-Agent Communication from Graph Modeling Perspectivecited by 47
  4. 2021Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning: Challenges and Directionscited by 42
  5. 2021UPDeT: Universal Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning via Policy Decoupling with Transformerscited by 39
  6. 2025Multi-Agent Coordination across Diverse Applications: A Surveycited by 37
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  8. 2024LLM-Empowered State Representation for Reinforcement Learningcited by 28
  9. 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Multi-Agent Cooperative Decision-Making: Scenarios, Approaches, Challenges and Perspectivescited by 27
  10. 2021Diverse Auto-Curriculum is Critical for Successful Real-World Multiagent Learning Systemscited by 24
  11. 2022PMIC: Improving Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Progressive Mutual Information Collaborationcited by 23
  12. 2021HAVEN: Hierarchical Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Dual Coordination Mechanismcited by 19
38 more
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  2. 2021On the Complexity of Computing Markov Perfect Equilibrium in General-Sum Stochastic Gamescited by 18
  3. 2022Reinforcement learning on graphs: A surveycited by 18
  4. 2024SwarmBrain: Embodied agent for real-time strategy game StarCraft II via large language modelscited by 18
  5. 2021Learning to Optimize Industry-Scale Dynamic Pickup and Delivery Problemscited by 15
  6. 2023Context-aware Communication for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
  7. 2021HAMMER: Multi-Level Coordination of Reinforcement Learning Agents via Learned Messagingcited by 12
  8. 2023Tackling Cooperative Incompatibility for Zero-Shot Human-AI Coordinationcited by 12
  9. 2021Learning Emergent Discrete Message Communication for Cooperative Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
  10. 2022Adaptive Discrete Communication Bottlenecks with Dynamic Vector Quantizationcited by 11
  11. 2026The Five Ws of Multi-Agent Communication: Who Talks to Whom, When, What, and Why -- A Survey from MARL to Emergent Language and LLMscited by 10
  12. 2023Information Design in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
  13. 2024Beyond the Edge: An Advanced Exploration of Reinforcement Learning for Mobile Edge Computing, its Applications, and Future Research Trajectoriescited by 9
  14. 2025A Comprehensive Review of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Video Gamescited by 9
  15. 2022Consensus Learning for Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 8
  16. 2019Independent Generative Adversarial Self-Imitation Learning in Cooperative Multiagent Systemscited by 7
  17. 2021SIDE: State Inference for Partially Observable Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
  18. 2021A Game-Theoretic Approach to Multi-Agent Trust Region Optimizationcited by 7
  19. 2022FCMNet: Full Communication Memory Net for Team-Level Cooperation in Multi-Agent Systemscited by 7
  20. 2022CTDS: Centralized Teacher with Decentralized Student for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
  21. 2023Learning Multi-Agent Intention-Aware Communication for Optimal Multi-Order Execution in Financecited by 7
  22. 2025Exponential Topology-enabled Scalable Communication in Multi-agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
  23. 2021MMD-MIX: Value Function Factorisation with Maximum Mean Discrepancy for Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
  24. 2022Mingling Foresight with Imagination: Model-Based Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
  25. 2022E-MAPP: Efficient Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Parallel Program Guidancecited by 6
  26. 2023Scalable Communication for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via Transformer-Based Email Mechanismcited by 6
  27. 2021Learning to Coordinate via Multiple Graph Neural Networkscited by 5
  28. 2022Communication-Efficient Actor-Critic Methods for Homogeneous Markov Gamescited by 5
  29. 2022Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Shared Resources for Inventory Managementcited by 5
  30. 2023AC2C: Adaptively Controlled Two-Hop Communication for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
  31. 2023Towards Effective and Interpretable Human-Agent Collaboration in MOBA Games: A Communication Perspectivecited by 5
  32. 2023Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Methods, Applications, Visionary Prospects, and Challengescited by 5
  33. 2023Learning Team-Based Navigation: A Review of Deep Reinforcement Learning Techniques for Multi-Agent Pathfindingcited by 5
  34. 2023(Ir)rationality in AI: State of the Art, Research Challenges and Open Questionscited by 5
  35. 2024CoDreamer: Communication-Based Decentralised World Modelscited by 5
  36. 2024On Diffusion Models for Multi-Agent Partial Observability: Shared Attractors, Error Bounds, and Composite Flowcited by 5
  37. 2021Revisiting the Characteristics of Stochastic Gradient Noise and Dynamicscited by 4
  38. 2021DESTA: A Framework for Safe Reinforcement Learning with Markov Games of Interventioncited by 4

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