Position: Unlabeled IS NOT Equal to No Human Supervision in Visual Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
This position paper argues that the absence of labels does not imply the absence of human supervision in visual learning, and urges the research community to identify sources of supervision more explicitly. Many recent methods in computer vision build upon representations learned from large-scale unlabeled data, and are therefore grouped under the same umbrella term ``unsupervised.'' However, different data curation schemes and training objectives embed substantially different human priors on which models rely, and we argue that one ``unsupervised'' umbrella term is no longer capturing these distinctions. This ambiguity makes it harder to compare unsupervised learning research conducted under different assumptions, coinciding with a sharp decline in papers titled with ``unsupervised'' in flagship computer vision conferences since 2021, despite continued growth of the field. While we fully embrace pre-training as a strong foundation for modern computer vision, we advocate for a community-level effort toward greater conceptual clarity: authors are encouraged to disclose priors in data selection and learning objectives, and to specify which components of a learning pipeline depend on which assumptions. Standardized disclosure practices can improve academic communication, ensure fairer comparisons, and preserve methodological diversity in unsupervised learning.
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References · 10
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,974
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 4,053
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 4,033
- 2020Improved Baselines with Momentum Contrastive Learningcited by 2,287
- 2025DINOv3cited by 1,414
- 2019Auditing ImageNet: Towards a Model-driven Framework for Annotating Demographic Attributes of Large-Scale Image Datasetscited by 25
- 2021DIVA: Dataset Derivative of a Learning Taskcited by 5
- 2025HiMaCon: Discovering Hierarchical Manipulation Concepts from Unlabeled Multi-Modal Datacited by 3
- 2023Divided Attention: Unsupervised Multi-Object Discovery with Contextually Separated Slotscited by 1
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