mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Morphology-Conditioned World Model for Cross-Embodiment Quadrupedal Locomotion

arXiv 2604.08780 ↗First posted 9 Apr 2026cs.RO cs.LGcited by 3

On the map: World models → Embodied and robot world models

Abstract (arXiv)

World models promise a paradigm shift in robotics, where an agent learns the physics of its environment once and then acquires behaviors efficiently. Yet the learned dynamics models at their core are typically morphology locked. In legged locomotion, a dynamics model trained on an ANYmal-D quadruped fails on a Unitree Go1 because it overfits to one robot's embodiment rather than capturing the locomotion dynamics shared across robots, so even a small change in actuator dynamics or limb length forces retraining from scratch. However, if we formalize a robot's unique physical traits into a morphology specification, a controller for a family of robots can utilize this blueprint in two ways. It can feed the specification to a model-free policy, or it can feed the specification to a learned dynamics model and extract the policy in imagination. We argue for the second route and introduce the Quadrupedal World Model (QWM), which conditions a single generative dynamics model on scale-invariant physical features and trains policies entirely inside it, through a physical morphology encoder, an adaptive reward normalizer, and morphology conditioning in the latent dynamics. Holding the morphology information identical, a model-free policy matches QWM on the training cohort but degrades on unseen morphologies, while QWM transfers zero-shot with no fine-tuning, adaptation, or warm-up in such cases. To our knowledge, this is the first world model to demonstrate zero-shot cross-embodiment transfer within the quadrupedal family.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Embodied and robot world models, one of 11 directions in World models. Builds on 51 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2026.

Builds on

51 of 63 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023TWIST: Teacher-Student World Model Distillation for Efficient Sim-to-Real Transfer7 Nov

Other references · 50

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2018Learning Latent Dynamics for Planning from Pixelscited by 1,221
  3. 2020Mastering Atari with Discrete World Modelscited by 990
  4. 2018Recurrent World Models Facilitate Policy Evolutioncited by 761
  5. 2023TD-MPC2: Scalable, Robust World Models for Continuous Controlcited by 482
  6. 2021RMA: Rapid Motor Adaptation for Legged Robotscited by 430
  7. 2019Learning agile and dynamic motor skills for legged robotscited by 402
  8. 2022DayDreamer: World Models for Physical Robot Learningcited by 372
  9. 2020Planning to Explore via Self-Supervised World Modelscited by 365
  10. 2022Transformers are Sample-Efficient World Modelscited by 317
  11. 2019Improving Sample Efficiency in Model-Free Reinforcement Learning from Imagescited by 268
  12. 2022TransDreamer: Reinforcement Learning with Transformer World Modelscited by 143
38 more
  1. 2017Preparing for the Unknown: Learning a Universal Policy with Online System Identificationcited by 129
  2. 2020One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Controlcited by 114
  3. 2023STORM: Efficient Stochastic Transformer based World Models for Reinforcement Learningcited by 88
  4. 2022MetaMorph: Learning Universal Controllers with Transformerscited by 78
  5. 2019Learning to Control Self-Assembling Morphologies: A Study of Generalization via Modularitycited by 68
  6. 2025Embodied AI Agents: Modeling the Worldcited by 57
  7. 2023SafeDreamer: Safe Reinforcement Learning with World Modelscited by 50
  8. 2025Robotic World Model: A Neural Network Simulator for Robust Policy Optimization in Roboticscited by 47
  9. 2018Hardware Conditioned Policies for Multi-Robot Transfer Learningcited by 42
  10. 2023Finetuning Offline World Models in the Real Worldcited by 39
  11. 2022GenLoco: Generalized Locomotion Controllers for Quadrupedal Robotscited by 36
  12. 2024One Policy to Run Them All: an End-to-end Learning Approach to Multi-Embodiment Locomotioncited by 34
  13. 2024Efficient World Models with Context-Aware Tokenizationcited by 33
  14. 2024Body Transformer: Leveraging Robot Embodiment for Policy Learningcited by 26
  15. 2022AnyMorph: Learning Transferable Polices By Inferring Agent Morphologycited by 25
  16. 2023HarmonyDream: Task Harmonization Inside World Modelscited by 22
  17. 2023Universal Morphology Control via Contextual Modulationcited by 21
  18. 2025Learning Transformer-based World Models with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 20
  19. 2021Learning Modular Robot Control Policiescited by 18
  20. 2024Cross-Embodiment Robot Manipulation Skill Transfer using Latent Space Alignmentcited by 17
  21. 2024PWM: Policy Learning with Multi-Task World Modelscited by 17
  22. 2024World Model-based Perception for Visual Legged Locomotioncited by 17
  23. 2023ManyQuadrupeds: Learning a Single Locomotion Policy for Diverse Quadruped Robotscited by 15
  24. 2025Improving Transformer World Models for Data-Efficient RLcited by 13
  25. 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotioncited by 12
  26. 2023CQM: Curriculum Reinforcement Learning with a Quantized World Modelcited by 11
  27. 2023Novelty Detection in Reinforcement Learning with World Modelscited by 8
  28. 2025COMPASS: Cross-embodiment Mobility Policy via Residual RL and Skill Synthesiscited by 8
  29. 2023Sample-Efficient Learning to Solve a Real-World Labyrinth Game Using Data-Augmented Model-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
  30. 2024MI-HGNN: Morphology-Informed Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network for Legged Robot Contact Perceptioncited by 4
  31. 2024Drama: Mamba-Enabled Model-Based Reinforcement Learning Is Sample and Parameter Efficientcited by 4
  32. 2024Morphological-Symmetry-Equivariant Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network for Robotic Dynamics Learningcited by 4
  33. 2025Safe Domain Randomization via Uncertainty-Aware Out-of-Distribution Detection and Policy Adaptationcited by 3
  34. 2025DyMoDreamer: World Modeling with Dynamic Modulationcited by 2
  35. 2025VOCALoco: Viability-Optimized Cost-aware Adaptive Locomotioncited by 2
  36. 2024Bounded Exploration with World Model Uncertainty in Soft Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning Algorithmcited by 1
  37. 2025McARL:Morphology-Control-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Generalizable Quadrupedal Locomotioncited by 1
  38. 2025UniLegs: Universal Multi-Legged Robot Control through Morphology-Agnostic Policy Distillationcited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.

3 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusion
  2. 2024Offline Adaptation of Quadruped Locomotion using Diffusion Models
  3. 2026Cross-Embodiment Offline Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Robot Datasets
  4. 2026Rapid Embodiment Adaptation for Quadrupedal Locomotion
  5. 2025GRoQ-LoCO: Generalist and Robot-agnostic Quadruped Locomotion Control using Offline Datasets
  6. 2026Learning Quadruped Walking from Seconds of Demonstration
  7. 2024Learning Visual Quadrupedal Loco-Manipulation from Demonstrations
  8. 2026Behavior Foundations for Quadruped Robots: ABot-C0 Technical Report