AnyMorph: Learning Transferable Polices By Inferring Agent Morphology
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Abstract (arXiv)
The prototypical approach to reinforcement learning involves training policies tailored to a particular agent from scratch for every new morphology. Recent work aims to eliminate the re-training of policies by investigating whether a morphology-agnostic policy, trained on a diverse set of agents with similar task objectives, can be transferred to new agents with unseen morphologies without re-training. This is a challenging problem that required previous approaches to use hand-designed descriptions of the new agent's morphology. Instead of hand-designing this description, we propose a data-driven method that learns a representation of morphology directly from the reinforcement learning objective. Ours is the first reinforcement learning algorithm that can train a policy to generalize to new agent morphologies without requiring a description of the agent's morphology in advance. We evaluate our approach on the standard benchmark for agent-agnostic control, and improve over the current state of the art in zero-shot generalization to new agents. Importantly, our method attains good performance without an explicit description of morphology.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jun 2022.
Builds on
27 of 35 references.
References · 27
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- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
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- 2019What do you learn from context? Probing for sentence structure in contextualized word representationscited by 438
- 2019Efficient Off-Policy Meta-Reinforcement Learning via Probabilistic Context Variablescited by 389
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 8; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.
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- 2024One Policy to Run Them All: an End-to-end Learning Approach to Multi-Embodiment Locomotioncited by 43
- 2022On Transforming Reinforcement Learning by Transformer: The Development Trajectorycited by 36
- 2023Universal Morphology Control via Contextual Modulationcited by 23
- 2023ManyQuadrupeds: Learning a Single Locomotion Policy for Diverse Quadruped Robotscited by 19
- 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotioncited by 16
- 2022A System for Morphology-Task Generalization via Unified Representation and Behavior Distillationcited by 13
- 2023Subequivariant Graph Reinforcement Learning in 3D Environmentscited by 11
- 2024Distilling Morphology-Conditioned Hypernetworks for Efficient Universal Morphology Controlcited by 11
- 2025Geometry-aware RL for Manipulation of Varying Shapes and Deformable Objectscited by 10
- 2025BodyGen: Advancing Towards Efficient Embodiment Co-Designcited by 9
- 2022DMAP: a Distributed Morphological Attention Policy for Learning to Locomote with a Changing Bodycited by 6
- 2024The Duality of Generative AI and Reinforcement Learning in Robotics: A Reviewcited by 6
15 more
- 2023Curriculum Reinforcement Learning via Morphology-Environment Co-Evolutioncited by 5
- 2024Cross Domain Policy Transfer with Effect Cycle-Consistencycited by 5
- 2024A Behavior-Aware Approach for Deep Reinforcement Learning in Non-stationary Environments without Known Change Pointscited by 5
- 2023Feudal Graph Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2024HeteroMorpheus: Universal Control Based on Morphological Heterogeneity Modelingcited by 4
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challengescited by 4
- 2026Morphology-Conditioned World Model for Cross-Embodiment Quadrupedal Locomotioncited by 4
- 2024Meta-Evolve: Continuous Robot Evolution for One-to-many Policy Transfercited by 3
- 2025Arnold: A multi-task, multi-embodiment muscle transformer policycited by 2
- 2024MetaLoco: Universal Quadrupedal Locomotion with Meta-Reinforcement Learning and Motion Imitationcited by 1
- 2025Knowledge Diversion for Efficient Morphology Control and Policy Transfercited by 1
- 2026Building2Building: A Large Scale Benchmark for Generalizable Real-World Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodimentscited by 0
- 2025Forecasting in Offline Reinforcement Learning for Non-stationary Environmentscited by 0
- 2026MorFiC: Fixing Value Miscalibration for Zero-Shot Quadruped Transfercited by 0
- 2026Building2Building: A Large Scale Benchmark for Generalizable Real-World Reinforcement Learning17 Jul 2026
- 2026Morphology-Conditioned World Model for Cross-Embodiment Quadrupedal Locomotion9 Apr 2026
- 2026MorFiC: Fixing Value Miscalibration for Zero-Shot Quadruped Transfer15 Mar 2026
- 2025Knowledge Diversion for Efficient Morphology Control and Policy Transfer10 Dec 2025
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges4 Dec 2025
- 2025Forecasting in Offline Reinforcement Learning for Non-stationary Environments1 Dec 2025
- 2025Arnold: A multi-task, multi-embodiment muscle transformer policy25 Aug 2025
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodiments5 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotion9 May 2025
- 2025BodyGen: Advancing Towards Efficient Embodiment Co-Design1 Mar 2025
- 2025Geometry-aware RL for Manipulation of Varying Shapes and Deformable Objects10 Feb 2025
- 2024The Duality of Generative AI and Reinforcement Learning in Robotics: A Review21 Oct 2024
15 more
- 2024One Policy to Run Them All: an End-to-end Learning Approach to Multi-Embodiment Locomotion10 Sep 2024
- 2024HeteroMorpheus: Universal Control Based on Morphological Heterogeneity Modeling2 Aug 2024
- 2024MetaLoco: Universal Quadrupedal Locomotion with Meta-Reinforcement Learning and Motion Imitation5 Jul 2024
- 2024A Behavior-Aware Approach for Deep Reinforcement Learning in Non-stationary Environments without Known Change Points23 May 2024
- 2024Meta-Evolve: Continuous Robot Evolution for One-to-many Policy Transfer6 May 2024
- 2024Cross Domain Policy Transfer with Effect Cycle-Consistency4 Mar 2024
- 2024Distilling Morphology-Conditioned Hypernetworks for Efficient Universal Morphology Control9 Feb 2024
- 2023ManyQuadrupeds: Learning a Single Locomotion Policy for Diverse Quadruped Robots16 Oct 2023
- 2023Curriculum Reinforcement Learning via Morphology-Environment Co-Evolution21 Sep 2023
- 2023Subequivariant Graph Reinforcement Learning in 3D Environments30 May 2023
- 2023Feudal Graph Reinforcement Learning11 Apr 2023
- 2023Universal Morphology Control via Contextual Modulation22 Feb 2023
- 2022On Transforming Reinforcement Learning by Transformer: The Development Trajectory29 Dec 2022
- 2022A System for Morphology-Task Generalization via Unified Representation and Behavior Distillation25 Nov 2022
- 2022DMAP: a Distributed Morphological Attention Policy for Learning to Locomote with a Changing Body28 Sep 2022
- 2024One Policy to Run Them All: an End-to-end Learning Approach to Multi-Embodiment Locomotioncited by 43
- 2024The Duality of Generative AI and Reinforcement Learning in Robotics: A Reviewcited by 6
- 2024Cross Domain Policy Transfer with Effect Cycle-Consistencycited by 5
- 2024A Behavior-Aware Approach for Deep Reinforcement Learning in Non-stationary Environments without Known Change Pointscited by 5
- 2024MetaLoco: Universal Quadrupedal Locomotion with Meta-Reinforcement Learning and Motion Imitationcited by 1
- 2026Building2Building: A Large Scale Benchmark for Generalizable Real-World Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026MorFiC: Fixing Value Miscalibration for Zero-Shot Quadruped Transfercited by 0
- 2026Building2Building: A Large Scale Benchmark for Generalizable Real-World Reinforcement Learning17 Jul 2026
- 2026MorFiC: Fixing Value Miscalibration for Zero-Shot Quadruped Transfer15 Mar 2026
- 2024The Duality of Generative AI and Reinforcement Learning in Robotics: A Review21 Oct 2024
- 2024One Policy to Run Them All: an End-to-end Learning Approach to Multi-Embodiment Locomotion10 Sep 2024
- 2024MetaLoco: Universal Quadrupedal Locomotion with Meta-Reinforcement Learning and Motion Imitation5 Jul 2024
- 2024A Behavior-Aware Approach for Deep Reinforcement Learning in Non-stationary Environments without Known Change Points23 May 2024
- 2024Cross Domain Policy Transfer with Effect Cycle-Consistency4 Mar 2024
- 2022On Transforming Reinforcement Learning by Transformer: The Development Trajectorycited by 36
- 2023Universal Morphology Control via Contextual Modulationcited by 23
- 2023ManyQuadrupeds: Learning a Single Locomotion Policy for Diverse Quadruped Robotscited by 19
- 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotioncited by 16
- 2022A System for Morphology-Task Generalization via Unified Representation and Behavior Distillationcited by 13
- 2023Subequivariant Graph Reinforcement Learning in 3D Environmentscited by 11
- 2024Distilling Morphology-Conditioned Hypernetworks for Efficient Universal Morphology Controlcited by 11
- 2025Geometry-aware RL for Manipulation of Varying Shapes and Deformable Objectscited by 10
- 2025BodyGen: Advancing Towards Efficient Embodiment Co-Designcited by 9
- 2022DMAP: a Distributed Morphological Attention Policy for Learning to Locomote with a Changing Bodycited by 6
- 2023Curriculum Reinforcement Learning via Morphology-Environment Co-Evolutioncited by 5
- 2023Feudal Graph Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2025Knowledge Diversion for Efficient Morphology Control and Policy Transfer10 Dec 2025
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges4 Dec 2025
- 2025Arnold: A multi-task, multi-embodiment muscle transformer policy25 Aug 2025
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodiments5 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotion9 May 2025
- 2025BodyGen: Advancing Towards Efficient Embodiment Co-Design1 Mar 2025
- 2025Geometry-aware RL for Manipulation of Varying Shapes and Deformable Objects10 Feb 2025
- 2024HeteroMorpheus: Universal Control Based on Morphological Heterogeneity Modeling2 Aug 2024
- 2024Meta-Evolve: Continuous Robot Evolution for One-to-many Policy Transfer6 May 2024
- 2024Distilling Morphology-Conditioned Hypernetworks for Efficient Universal Morphology Control9 Feb 2024
- 2023ManyQuadrupeds: Learning a Single Locomotion Policy for Diverse Quadruped Robots16 Oct 2023
- 2023Curriculum Reinforcement Learning via Morphology-Environment Co-Evolution21 Sep 2023
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)