Universal Morphology Control via Contextual Modulation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning a universal policy across different robot morphologies can significantly improve learning efficiency and generalization in continuous control. However, it poses a challenging multi-task reinforcement learning problem, as the optimal policy may be quite different across robots and critically depend on the morphology. Existing methods utilize graph neural networks or transformers to handle heterogeneous state and action spaces across different morphologies, but pay little attention to the dependency of a robot's control policy on its morphology context. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical architecture to better model this dependency via contextual modulation, which includes two key submodules: (1) Instead of enforcing hard parameter sharing across robots, we use hypernetworks to generate morphology-dependent control parameters; (2) We propose a fixed attention mechanism that solely depends on the morphology to modulate the interactions between different limbs in a robot. Experimental results show that our method not only improves learning performance on a diverse set of training robots, but also generalizes better to unseen morphologies in a zero-shot fashion.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2023.
Builds on
36 of 51 references.
References · 36
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2,906
- 2022RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scalecited by 2,007
- 2016HyperNetworkscited by 1,003
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- 2017An Overview of Multi-Task Learning in Deep Neural Networkscited by 791
- 2018QT-Opt: Scalable Deep Reinforcement Learning for Vision-Based Robotic Manipulationcited by 730
- 2018Learning Dexterous In-Hand Manipulationcited by 643
- 2017Sim-to-Real Transfer of Robotic Control with Dynamics Randomizationcited by 616
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- 2015Contextual Markov Decision Processescited by 213
24 more
- 2021Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning with Context-based Representationscited by 169
- 2021Embodied Intelligence via Learning and Evolutioncited by 154
- 2020Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning with Soft Modularizationcited by 138
- 2020One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Controlcited by 114
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- 2022MetaMorph: Learning Universal Controllers with Transformerscited by 78
- 2019Learning to Control Self-Assembling Morphologies: A Study of Generalization via Modularitycited by 68
- 2020My Body is a Cage: the Role of Morphology in Graph-Based Incompatible Controlcited by 68
- 2018Jointly Learning to Construct and Control Agents using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 51
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- 2021Transform2Act: Learning a Transform-and-Control Policy for Efficient Agent Designcited by 34
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- 2022AnyMorph: Learning Transferable Polices By Inferring Agent Morphologycited by 25
- 2021Bayesian Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Policy Adaptation Across Robotic Platformscited by 22
- 2022You May Not Need Ratio Clipping in PPOcited by 19
- 2022Hypernetworks for Zero-shot Transfer in Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
- 2021Context Meta-Reinforcement Learning via Neuromodulationcited by 11
- 2021Linear Representation Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Instant Adaptationcited by 9
- 2022N-LIMB: Neural Limb Optimization for Efficient Morphological Designcited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 6.
21 papers.
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- 2024ODRL: A Benchmark for Off-Dynamics Reinforcement Learningcited by 25
- 2024Cross-Domain Policy Adaptation by Capturing Representation Mismatchcited by 24
- 2024Distilling Morphology-Conditioned Hypernetworks for Efficient Universal Morphology Controlcited by 11
- 2025BodyGen: Advancing Towards Efficient Embodiment Co-Designcited by 9
- 2025House of Dextra: Cross-embodied Co-design for Dexterous Handscited by 4
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challengescited by 4
- 2023Feudal Graph Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2025Shared Modular Recurrence in Contextual MDPs for Universal Morphology Controlcited by 3
- 2026Morphology-Conditioned World Model for Cross-Embodiment Quadrupedal Locomotioncited by 3
- 2024Subequivariant Reinforcement Learning in 3D Multi-Entity Physical Environmentscited by 2
- 2024HeteroMorpheus: Universal Control Based on Morphological Heterogeneity Modelingcited by 2
- 2026Efficient Morphology-Control Co-Design via Stackelberg Proximal Policy Optimizationcited by 2
9 more
- 2025Toward Humanoid Brain-Body Co-design: Joint Optimization of Control and Morphology for Fall Recoverycited by 1
- 2025Knowledge Diversion for Efficient Morphology Control and Policy Transfercited by 1
- 2025Learning to Get Up Across Morphologies: Zero-Shot Recovery with a Unified Humanoid Policycited by 1
- 2025Zero-Shot Context Generalization in Reinforcement Learning from Few Training Contextscited by 0
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodimentscited by 0
- 2026Embodiment-conditioned Generalist Control for Multirotor Aerial Robotscited by 0
- 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026RecMorph: Topology-Guided Spatial Recurrence for Generalized Morphology Controlcited by 0
- 2026Bridging Body and Brain: Gene-Driven Morphology--Control Co-Designcited by 0
- 2026Bridging Body and Brain: Gene-Driven Morphology--Control Co-Design25 Sep 2026
- 2026RecMorph: Topology-Guided Spatial Recurrence for Generalized Morphology Control16 Sep 2026
- 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Models19 Aug 2026
- 2026Embodiment-conditioned Generalist Control for Multirotor Aerial Robots9 Jun 2026
- 2026Morphology-Conditioned World Model for Cross-Embodiment Quadrupedal Locomotion9 Apr 2026
- 2026Efficient Morphology-Control Co-Design via Stackelberg Proximal Policy Optimization16 Mar 2026
- 2025Learning to Get Up Across Morphologies: Zero-Shot Recovery with a Unified Humanoid Policy13 Dec 2025
- 2025Knowledge Diversion for Efficient Morphology Control and Policy Transfer10 Dec 2025
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges4 Dec 2025
- 2025House of Dextra: Cross-embodied Co-design for Dexterous Hands3 Dec 2025
- 2025Toward Humanoid Brain-Body Co-design: Joint Optimization of Control and Morphology for Fall Recovery25 Oct 2025
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodiments5 Aug 2025
9 more
- 2025Zero-Shot Context Generalization in Reinforcement Learning from Few Training Contexts10 Jul 2025
- 2025Shared Modular Recurrence in Contextual MDPs for Universal Morphology Control10 Jun 2025
- 2025BodyGen: Advancing Towards Efficient Embodiment Co-Design1 Mar 2025
- 2024ODRL: A Benchmark for Off-Dynamics Reinforcement Learning28 Oct 2024
- 2024HeteroMorpheus: Universal Control Based on Morphological Heterogeneity Modeling2 Aug 2024
- 2024Subequivariant Reinforcement Learning in 3D Multi-Entity Physical Environments17 Jul 2024
- 2024Cross-Domain Policy Adaptation by Capturing Representation Mismatch24 May 2024
- 2024Distilling Morphology-Conditioned Hypernetworks for Efficient Universal Morphology Control9 Feb 2024
- 2023Feudal Graph Reinforcement Learning11 Apr 2023
- 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Models19 Aug 2026
- 2024ODRL: A Benchmark for Off-Dynamics Reinforcement Learningcited by 25
- 2024Cross-Domain Policy Adaptation by Capturing Representation Mismatchcited by 24
- 2024Distilling Morphology-Conditioned Hypernetworks for Efficient Universal Morphology Controlcited by 11
- 2025BodyGen: Advancing Towards Efficient Embodiment Co-Designcited by 9
- 2025House of Dextra: Cross-embodied Co-design for Dexterous Handscited by 4
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challengescited by 4
- 2023Feudal Graph Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2025Shared Modular Recurrence in Contextual MDPs for Universal Morphology Controlcited by 3
- 2024Subequivariant Reinforcement Learning in 3D Multi-Entity Physical Environmentscited by 2
- 2024HeteroMorpheus: Universal Control Based on Morphological Heterogeneity Modelingcited by 2
- 2026Efficient Morphology-Control Co-Design via Stackelberg Proximal Policy Optimizationcited by 2
- 2025Toward Humanoid Brain-Body Co-design: Joint Optimization of Control and Morphology for Fall Recoverycited by 1
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026Bridging Body and Brain: Gene-Driven Morphology--Control Co-Design25 Sep 2026
- 2026RecMorph: Topology-Guided Spatial Recurrence for Generalized Morphology Control16 Sep 2026
- 2026Embodiment-conditioned Generalist Control for Multirotor Aerial Robots9 Jun 2026
- 2026Efficient Morphology-Control Co-Design via Stackelberg Proximal Policy Optimization16 Mar 2026
- 2025Learning to Get Up Across Morphologies: Zero-Shot Recovery with a Unified Humanoid Policy13 Dec 2025
- 2025Knowledge Diversion for Efficient Morphology Control and Policy Transfer10 Dec 2025
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges4 Dec 2025
- 2025House of Dextra: Cross-embodied Co-design for Dexterous Hands3 Dec 2025
- 2025Toward Humanoid Brain-Body Co-design: Joint Optimization of Control and Morphology for Fall Recovery25 Oct 2025
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodiments5 Aug 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Context Generalization in Reinforcement Learning from Few Training Contexts10 Jul 2025
- 2025Shared Modular Recurrence in Contextual MDPs for Universal Morphology Control10 Jun 2025
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)