One Policy to Run Them All: an End-to-end Learning Approach to Multi-Embodiment Locomotion
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep Reinforcement Learning techniques are achieving state-of-the-art results in robust legged locomotion. While there exists a wide variety of legged platforms such as quadruped, humanoids, and hexapods, the field is still missing a single learning framework that can control all these different embodiments easily and effectively and possibly transfer, zero or few-shot, to unseen robot embodiments. We introduce URMA, the Unified Robot Morphology Architecture, to close this gap. Our framework brings the end-to-end Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning approach to the realm of legged robots, enabling the learned policy to control any type of robot morphology. The key idea of our method is to allow the network to learn an abstract locomotion controller that can be seamlessly shared between embodiments thanks to our morphology-agnostic encoders and decoders. This flexible architecture can be seen as a potential first step in building a foundation model for legged robot locomotion. Our experiments show that URMA can learn a locomotion policy on multiple embodiments that can be easily transferred to unseen robot platforms in simulation and the real world.
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2024.
Builds on
38 of 46 references.
References · 38
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- 2023Real-World Humanoid Locomotion with Reinforcement Learningcited by 132
- 2022Rapid Locomotion via Reinforcement Learningcited by 130
- 2023Extreme Parkour with Legged Robotscited by 120
26 more
- 2023Robot Parkour Learningcited by 115
- 2020One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Controlcited by 114
- 2022Walk These Ways: Tuning Robot Control for Generalization with Multiplicity of Behaviorcited by 113
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- 2022Concurrent Training of a Control Policy and a State Estimator for Dynamic and Robust Legged Locomotioncited by 61
- 2024Agile But Safe: Learning Collision-Free High-Speed Legged Locomotioncited by 53
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 19; 2026: 13.
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- 2025Meta-World+: An Improved, Standardized, RL Benchmarkcited by 37
- 2025Multi-agent Embodied AI: Advances and Future Directionscited by 36
- 2024Learning Smooth Humanoid Locomotion through Lipschitz-Constrained Policiescited by 26
- 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulationcited by 20
- 2026LAP: Language-Action Pre-Training Enables Zero-shot Cross-Embodiment Transfercited by 17
- 2025LocoFormer: Generalist Locomotion via Long-context Adaptationcited by 14
- 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotioncited by 12
- 2025Gait in Eight: Efficient On-Robot Learning for Omnidirectional Quadruped Locomotioncited by 7
- 2025DreamPolicy: A Unified World-model Policy for Scalable Humanoid Locomotioncited by 5
- 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusioncited by 5
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challengescited by 4
- 2025Shared Modular Recurrence in Contextual MDPs for Universal Morphology Controlcited by 3
22 more
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- 2025Transferable Latent-to-Latent Locomotion Policy for Efficient and Versatile Motion Control of Diverse Legged Robotscited by 2
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Physical Risk Control in the Era of Foundation Model-enabled Roboticscited by 2
- 2025Multi-Embodiment Locomotion at Scale with extreme Embodiment Randomizationcited by 2
- 2026Embodiment-Aware Generalist Specialist Distillation for Unified Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 2
- 2025Unified Locomotion Transformer with Simultaneous Sim-to-Real Transfer for Quadrupedscited by 1
- 2025Apple: Toward General Active Perception via Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025GRoQ-LoCO: Generalist and Robot-agnostic Quadruped Locomotion Control using Offline Datasetscited by 1
- 2025Toward Humanoid Brain-Body Co-design: Joint Optimization of Control and Morphology for Fall Recoverycited by 1
- 2025Learning to Get Up Across Morphologies: Zero-Shot Recovery with a Unified Humanoid Policycited by 1
- 2026MVAdapt: Zero-Shot Multi-Vehicle Adaptation for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026Shape Your Body: Value Gradients for Multi-Embodiment Robot Designcited by 1
- 2026Rapid Embodiment Adaptation for Quadrupedal Locomotioncited by 1
- 2024Latent Action Priors for Locomotion with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025Deep Learning Agents Trained For Avoidance Behave Like Hawks And Dovescited by 0
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodimentscited by 0
- 2026Cross-Embodiment Offline Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Robot Datasetscited by 0
- 2026Embodiment-conditioned Generalist Control for Multirotor Aerial Robotscited by 0
- 2026ZETA: A Controlled Study of Zero-Shot Cross-Embodiment VLA Transfer for Tabletop Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Intelligence Across Embodimentscited by 0
- 2026CrossSafe: Towards Cross-Embodiment Latent Safety Filterscited by 0
- 2026ChronoSRL: Temporal Geometry for Self-Supervised Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026ChronoSRL: Temporal Geometry for Self-Supervised Reinforcement Learning28 Sep 2026
- 2026CrossSafe: Towards Cross-Embodiment Latent Safety Filters24 Sep 2026
- 2026Intelligence Across Embodiments22 Sep 2026
- 2026ZETA: A Controlled Study of Zero-Shot Cross-Embodiment VLA Transfer for Tabletop Manipulation2 Sep 2026
- 2026Rapid Embodiment Adaptation for Quadrupedal Locomotion2 Aug 2026
- 2026Embodiment-conditioned Generalist Control for Multirotor Aerial Robots9 Jun 2026
- 2026Shape Your Body: Value Gradients for Multi-Embodiment Robot Design30 May 2026
- 2026MVAdapt: Zero-Shot Multi-Vehicle Adaptation for End-to-End Autonomous Driving13 Apr 2026
- 2026Morphology-Conditioned World Model for Cross-Embodiment Quadrupedal Locomotion9 Apr 2026
- 2026Cross-Embodiment Offline Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Robot Datasets20 Feb 2026
- 2026LAP: Language-Action Pre-Training Enables Zero-shot Cross-Embodiment Transfer11 Feb 2026
- 2026Embodiment-Aware Generalist Specialist Distillation for Unified Humanoid Whole-Body Control3 Feb 2026
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- 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulation1 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning to Get Up Across Morphologies: Zero-Shot Recovery with a Unified Humanoid Policy13 Dec 2025
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges4 Dec 2025
- 2025Toward Humanoid Brain-Body Co-design: Joint Optimization of Control and Morphology for Fall Recovery25 Oct 2025
- 2025LocoFormer: Generalist Locomotion via Long-context Adaptation28 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-Embodiment Locomotion at Scale with extreme Embodiment Randomization2 Sep 2025
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodiments5 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusion13 Jun 2025
- 2025Shared Modular Recurrence in Contextual MDPs for Universal Morphology Control10 Jun 2025
- 2025DreamPolicy: A Unified World-model Policy for Scalable Humanoid Locomotion24 May 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Physical Risk Control in the Era of Foundation Model-enabled Robotics19 May 2025
- 2025Meta-World+: An Improved, Standardized, RL Benchmark16 May 2025
- 2025GRoQ-LoCO: Generalist and Robot-agnostic Quadruped Locomotion Control using Offline Datasets16 May 2025
- 2025Apple: Toward General Active Perception via Reinforcement Learning9 May 2025
- 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotion9 May 2025
- 2025Multi-agent Embodied AI: Advances and Future Directions8 May 2025
- 2025Transferable Latent-to-Latent Locomotion Policy for Efficient and Versatile Motion Control of Diverse Legged Robots22 Mar 2025
- 2025Deep Learning Agents Trained For Avoidance Behave Like Hawks And Doves14 Mar 2025
- 2025Unified Locomotion Transformer with Simultaneous Sim-to-Real Transfer for Quadrupeds12 Mar 2025
- 2025Gait in Eight: Efficient On-Robot Learning for Omnidirectional Quadruped Locomotion11 Mar 2025
- 2024Learning Smooth Humanoid Locomotion through Lipschitz-Constrained Policies15 Oct 2024
- 2024Latent Action Priors for Locomotion with Deep Reinforcement Learning4 Oct 2024
- 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulationcited by 20
- 2026LAP: Language-Action Pre-Training Enables Zero-shot Cross-Embodiment Transfercited by 17
- 2026ZETA: A Controlled Study of Zero-Shot Cross-Embodiment VLA Transfer for Tabletop Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026CrossSafe: Towards Cross-Embodiment Latent Safety Filterscited by 0
- 2026CrossSafe: Towards Cross-Embodiment Latent Safety Filters24 Sep 2026
- 2026ZETA: A Controlled Study of Zero-Shot Cross-Embodiment VLA Transfer for Tabletop Manipulation2 Sep 2026
- 2026LAP: Language-Action Pre-Training Enables Zero-shot Cross-Embodiment Transfer11 Feb 2026
- 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulation1 Feb 2026
- 2025Meta-World+: An Improved, Standardized, RL Benchmarkcited by 37
- 2025Multi-agent Embodied AI: Advances and Future Directionscited by 36
- 2024Learning Smooth Humanoid Locomotion through Lipschitz-Constrained Policiescited by 26
- 2025LocoFormer: Generalist Locomotion via Long-context Adaptationcited by 14
- 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotioncited by 12
- 2025Gait in Eight: Efficient On-Robot Learning for Omnidirectional Quadruped Locomotioncited by 7
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challengescited by 4
- 2025Shared Modular Recurrence in Contextual MDPs for Universal Morphology Controlcited by 3
- 2025Transferable Latent-to-Latent Locomotion Policy for Efficient and Versatile Motion Control of Diverse Legged Robotscited by 2
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Physical Risk Control in the Era of Foundation Model-enabled Roboticscited by 2
- 2025Multi-Embodiment Locomotion at Scale with extreme Embodiment Randomizationcited by 2
- 2026Embodiment-Aware Generalist Specialist Distillation for Unified Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 2
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026ChronoSRL: Temporal Geometry for Self-Supervised Reinforcement Learning28 Sep 2026
- 2026Intelligence Across Embodiments22 Sep 2026
- 2026Rapid Embodiment Adaptation for Quadrupedal Locomotion2 Aug 2026
- 2026Embodiment-conditioned Generalist Control for Multirotor Aerial Robots9 Jun 2026
- 2026Shape Your Body: Value Gradients for Multi-Embodiment Robot Design30 May 2026
- 2026Embodiment-Aware Generalist Specialist Distillation for Unified Humanoid Whole-Body Control3 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning to Get Up Across Morphologies: Zero-Shot Recovery with a Unified Humanoid Policy13 Dec 2025
- 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges4 Dec 2025
- 2025Toward Humanoid Brain-Body Co-design: Joint Optimization of Control and Morphology for Fall Recovery25 Oct 2025
- 2025LocoFormer: Generalist Locomotion via Long-context Adaptation28 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-Embodiment Locomotion at Scale with extreme Embodiment Randomization2 Sep 2025
- 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodiments5 Aug 2025
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)