mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

One Policy to Run Them All: an End-to-end Learning Approach to Multi-Embodiment Locomotion

arXiv 2409.06366 ↗First posted 10 Sep 2024cs.RO cs.LGcited by 34

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Abstract (arXiv)

Deep Reinforcement Learning techniques are achieving state-of-the-art results in robust legged locomotion. While there exists a wide variety of legged platforms such as quadruped, humanoids, and hexapods, the field is still missing a single learning framework that can control all these different embodiments easily and effectively and possibly transfer, zero or few-shot, to unseen robot embodiments. We introduce URMA, the Unified Robot Morphology Architecture, to close this gap. Our framework brings the end-to-end Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning approach to the realm of legged robots, enabling the learned policy to control any type of robot morphology. The key idea of our method is to allow the network to learn an abstract locomotion controller that can be seamlessly shared between embodiments thanks to our morphology-agnostic encoders and decoders. This flexible architecture can be seen as a potential first step in building a foundation model for legged robot locomotion. Our experiments show that URMA can learn a locomotion policy on multiple embodiments that can be easily transferred to unseen robot platforms in simulation and the real world.

Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2024.

Builds on

38 of 46 references.

References · 38

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  4. 2019Meta-World: A Benchmark and Evaluation for Multi-Task and Meta Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,168
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26 more
  1. 2023Robot Parkour Learningcited by 115
  2. 2020One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Controlcited by 114
  3. 2022Walk These Ways: Tuning Robot Control for Generalization with Multiplicity of Behaviorcited by 113
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  5. 2022A Walk in the Park: Learning to Walk in 20 Minutes With Model-Free Reinforcement Learningcited by 76
  6. 2021Blind Bipedal Stair Traversal via Sim-to-Real Reinforcement Learningcited by 73
  7. 2020My Body is a Cage: the Role of Morphology in Graph-Based Incompatible Controlcited by 68
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 19; 2026: 13.

34 papers.

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  1. 2025Meta-World+: An Improved, Standardized, RL Benchmarkcited by 37
  2. 2025Multi-agent Embodied AI: Advances and Future Directionscited by 36
  3. 2024Learning Smooth Humanoid Locomotion through Lipschitz-Constrained Policiescited by 26
  4. 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulationcited by 20
  5. 2026LAP: Language-Action Pre-Training Enables Zero-shot Cross-Embodiment Transfercited by 17
  6. 2025LocoFormer: Generalist Locomotion via Long-context Adaptationcited by 14
  7. 2025Towards Embodiment Scaling Laws in Robot Locomotioncited by 12
  8. 2025Gait in Eight: Efficient On-Robot Learning for Omnidirectional Quadruped Locomotioncited by 7
  9. 2025DreamPolicy: A Unified World-model Policy for Scalable Humanoid Locomotioncited by 5
  10. 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusioncited by 5
  11. 2025Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challengescited by 4
  12. 2025Shared Modular Recurrence in Contextual MDPs for Universal Morphology Controlcited by 3
22 more
  1. 2026Morphology-Conditioned World Model for Cross-Embodiment Quadrupedal Locomotioncited by 3
  2. 2025Transferable Latent-to-Latent Locomotion Policy for Efficient and Versatile Motion Control of Diverse Legged Robotscited by 2
  3. 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Physical Risk Control in the Era of Foundation Model-enabled Roboticscited by 2
  4. 2025Multi-Embodiment Locomotion at Scale with extreme Embodiment Randomizationcited by 2
  5. 2026Embodiment-Aware Generalist Specialist Distillation for Unified Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 2
  6. 2025Unified Locomotion Transformer with Simultaneous Sim-to-Real Transfer for Quadrupedscited by 1
  7. 2025Apple: Toward General Active Perception via Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
  8. 2025GRoQ-LoCO: Generalist and Robot-agnostic Quadruped Locomotion Control using Offline Datasetscited by 1
  9. 2025Toward Humanoid Brain-Body Co-design: Joint Optimization of Control and Morphology for Fall Recoverycited by 1
  10. 2025Learning to Get Up Across Morphologies: Zero-Shot Recovery with a Unified Humanoid Policycited by 1
  11. 2026MVAdapt: Zero-Shot Multi-Vehicle Adaptation for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
  12. 2026Shape Your Body: Value Gradients for Multi-Embodiment Robot Designcited by 1
  13. 2026Rapid Embodiment Adaptation for Quadrupedal Locomotioncited by 1
  14. 2024Latent Action Priors for Locomotion with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  15. 2025Deep Learning Agents Trained For Avoidance Behave Like Hawks And Dovescited by 0
  16. 2025Efficient Morphology-Aware Policy Transfer to New Embodimentscited by 0
  17. 2026Cross-Embodiment Offline Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Robot Datasetscited by 0
  18. 2026Embodiment-conditioned Generalist Control for Multirotor Aerial Robotscited by 0
  19. 2026ZETA: A Controlled Study of Zero-Shot Cross-Embodiment VLA Transfer for Tabletop Manipulationcited by 0
  20. 2026Intelligence Across Embodimentscited by 0
  21. 2026CrossSafe: Towards Cross-Embodiment Latent Safety Filterscited by 0
  22. 2026ChronoSRL: Temporal Geometry for Self-Supervised Reinforcement Learningcited by 0