MTR-DuplexBench: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Multi-Round Conversations for Full-Duplex Speech Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Full-Duplex Speech Language Models (FD-SLMs) enable real-time, overlapping conversational interactions, offering a more dynamic user experience compared to traditional half-duplex models. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on evaluating single-round interactions, neglecting the complexities of multi-round communication. Evaluating FD-SLMs in multi-round settings poses significant challenges, including blurred turn boundaries in communication and context inconsistency during model inference. Also, existing benchmarks often focus solely on evaluating conversational features, neglecting other critical aspects. To address these gaps, we introduce MTR-DuplexBench, a novel benchmark designed for a comprehensive multi-round evaluation of FD-SLMs. MTR-DuplexBench not only segments continuous full-duplex dialogues into discrete turns for turn-by-turn assessment but also incorporates various evaluation aspects, including conversational features, dialogue quality, instruction following, and safety. Experimental results reveal that current FD-SLMs face difficulties in maintaining consistent performance across multiple rounds and evaluation dimensions, highlighting the necessity and effectiveness of our benchmark. Code and data are available at: https://github.com/ZhangHe0918/MTR-DuplexBench
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Nov 2025.
Builds on
26 of 55 references.
References · 26
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
- 2024Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialoguecited by 568
- 2023SpeechGPT: Empowering Large Language Models with Intrinsic Cross-Modal Conversational Abilitiescited by 529
- 2021Generative Spoken Language Modeling from Raw Audiocited by 340
- 2023Evaluating Large Language Models at Evaluating Instruction Followingcited by 302
- 2024SALAD-Bench: A Hierarchical and Comprehensive Safety Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 228
- 2024GLM-4-Voice: Towards Intelligent and Human-Like End-to-End Spoken Chatbotcited by 224
- 2024Mini-Omni: Language Models Can Hear, Talk While Thinking in Streamingcited by 210
- 2024VoiceBench: Benchmarking LLM-Based Voice Assistantscited by 200
- 2024Freeze-Omni: A Smart and Low Latency Speech-to-speech Dialogue Model with Frozen LLMcited by 141
- 2024Spirit LM: Interleaved Spoken and Written Language Modelcited by 126
- 2021Text-Free Prosody-Aware Generative Spoken Language Modelingcited by 119
14 more
- 2025Full-Duplex-Bench: A Benchmark to Evaluate Full-duplex Spoken Dialogue Models on Turn-taking Capabilitiescited by 100
- 2025MinMo: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Seamless Voice Interactioncited by 79
- 2025Baichuan-Audio: A Unified Framework for End-to-End Speech Interactioncited by 68
- 2024Language Model Can Listen While Speakingcited by 63
- 2024Large Language Model Safety: A Holistic Surveycited by 59
- 2025Full-Duplex-Bench v1.5: Evaluating Overlap Handling for Full-Duplex Speech Modelscited by 54
- 2025Talking Turns: Benchmarking Audio Foundation Models on Turn-Taking Dynamicscited by 47
- 2025Full-Duplex-Bench-v2: A Multi-Turn Evaluation Framework for Duplex Dialogue Systems with an Automated Examinercited by 41
- 2025VITA-Audio: Fast Interleaved Cross-Modal Token Generation for Efficient Large Speech-Language Modelcited by 31
- 2025CASE-Bench: Context-Aware SafEty Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 20
- 2025NTPP: Generative Speech Language Modeling for Dual-Channel Spoken Dialogue via Next-Token-Pair Predictioncited by 20
- 2025VoxEval: Benchmarking the Knowledge Understanding Capabilities of End-to-End Spoken Language Modelscited by 16
- 2025VocalNet: Speech LLM with Multi-Token Prediction for Faster and High-Quality Generationcited by 16
- 2025Can Speech LLMs Think while Listening?cited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 22.
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- 2026Multi-Faceted Interactivity Alignment in Full-Duplex Speech Modelscited by 10
- 2026Covo-Audio Technical Reportcited by 7
- 2026Instruct-FD: Can Your Full-Duplex Speech System Follow Turn-Taking Instructions?cited by 6
- 2026IHBench: Evaluating Post-Interruption Recovery in Voice Agents with Structured Workflowscited by 5
- 2026Overcoming State Inertia in Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models via Activation Steeringcited by 4
- 2026MSI-Bench: Evaluating Multi-Speaker Voice Interaction for Collaborative AI Agentscited by 4
- 2026M3-DuplexBench: A Multi-Turn, Multilingual, Multidomain Benchmark for Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 3
- 2026PolySpeech-100: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Speech Understanding Across 100+ Languages and Dialectscited by 1
- 2026DuplexSpeechBench-IFEval: Evaluating Implicit Instruction Following in Full-Duplex Voice Agentscited by 1
- 2026Omni Demand Understanding: A Benchmark for Contextual User-Intent Inference in Multimodal Interactioncited by 1
- 2026MultiTalk: Scaling Full-Duplex Speech Models to Long, Multi-Party, Bilingual Conversationcited by 1
- 2026PACE: A Playback-Aligned Context Engine for LLM-Based Full-Duplex Voice Dialoguecited by 0
10 more
- 2026SpeechSense: A Paralinguistic-Focused Dataset for Fine-Grained Speech Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
- 2026DuplexJail: Safety Alignment Breaks Under Spoken Interruption in Full-Duplex Modelscited by 0
- 2026Continue, Adapt, or Yield: In-Turn Adaptation to Overlapping Speech in Full-Duplex Agentscited by 0
- 2026RoleBreak: Benchmarking Long-Horizon Role-Playing Robustness in Spoken Dialoguecited by 0
- 2026Learning Natural Conversational Behavior in Tandem Speech-to-Speech Models with Randomized Guidancecited by 0
- 2026Evaluating Real-Time Voice Agents: From Component Quality to Grounded Outcomescited by 0
- 2026Distributional Metrics for Evaluating Spoken Conversational Systemscited by 0
- 2026DuplexSpeechBench-Document Grounding: Benchmarking Document Grounding and Hallucinations in Voice Agentscited by 0
- 2026People Making Conversation: Evaluating How Naturally Speech Models Conversecited by 0
- 2026DuplexAct: How Interactive Are Frontier Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models?cited by 0
- 2026DuplexAct: How Interactive Are Frontier Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models?13 Oct 2026
- 2026People Making Conversation: Evaluating How Naturally Speech Models Converse8 Oct 2026
- 2026DuplexSpeechBench-Document Grounding: Benchmarking Document Grounding and Hallucinations in Voice Agents29 Sep 2026
- 2026MultiTalk: Scaling Full-Duplex Speech Models to Long, Multi-Party, Bilingual Conversation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Evaluating Real-Time Voice Agents: From Component Quality to Grounded Outcomes25 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Natural Conversational Behavior in Tandem Speech-to-Speech Models with Randomized Guidance25 Sep 2026
- 2026Distributional Metrics for Evaluating Spoken Conversational Systems21 Sep 2026
- 2026MSI-Bench: Evaluating Multi-Speaker Voice Interaction for Collaborative AI Agents21 Sep 2026
- 2026Omni Demand Understanding: A Benchmark for Contextual User-Intent Inference in Multimodal Interaction18 Sep 2026
- 2026RoleBreak: Benchmarking Long-Horizon Role-Playing Robustness in Spoken Dialogue15 Sep 2026
- 2026Continue, Adapt, or Yield: In-Turn Adaptation to Overlapping Speech in Full-Duplex Agents11 Sep 2026
- 2026DuplexJail: Safety Alignment Breaks Under Spoken Interruption in Full-Duplex Models8 Sep 2026
10 more
- 2026DuplexSpeechBench-IFEval: Evaluating Implicit Instruction Following in Full-Duplex Voice Agents3 Sep 2026
- 2026SpeechSense: A Paralinguistic-Focused Dataset for Fine-Grained Speech Sentiment Analysis18 Aug 2026
- 2026PACE: A Playback-Aligned Context Engine for LLM-Based Full-Duplex Voice Dialogue7 Aug 2026
- 2026M3-DuplexBench: A Multi-Turn, Multilingual, Multidomain Benchmark for Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Models31 Jul 2026
- 2026IHBench: Evaluating Post-Interruption Recovery in Voice Agents with Structured Workflows17 Jun 2026
- 2026Overcoming State Inertia in Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models via Activation Steering9 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi-Faceted Interactivity Alignment in Full-Duplex Speech Models9 Jun 2026
- 2026PolySpeech-100: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Speech Understanding Across 100+ Languages and Dialects31 May 2026
- 2026Instruct-FD: Can Your Full-Duplex Speech System Follow Turn-Taking Instructions?15 May 2026
- 2026Covo-Audio Technical Report10 Feb 2026
- 2026IHBench: Evaluating Post-Interruption Recovery in Voice Agents with Structured Workflowscited by 5
- 2026DuplexSpeechBench-IFEval: Evaluating Implicit Instruction Following in Full-Duplex Voice Agentscited by 1
- 2026Evaluating Real-Time Voice Agents: From Component Quality to Grounded Outcomescited by 0
- 2026DuplexSpeechBench-Document Grounding: Benchmarking Document Grounding and Hallucinations in Voice Agentscited by 0
- 2026DuplexSpeechBench-Document Grounding: Benchmarking Document Grounding and Hallucinations in Voice Agents29 Sep 2026
- 2026Evaluating Real-Time Voice Agents: From Component Quality to Grounded Outcomes25 Sep 2026
- 2026DuplexSpeechBench-IFEval: Evaluating Implicit Instruction Following in Full-Duplex Voice Agents3 Sep 2026
- 2026IHBench: Evaluating Post-Interruption Recovery in Voice Agents with Structured Workflows17 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi-Faceted Interactivity Alignment in Full-Duplex Speech Modelscited by 10
- 2026Covo-Audio Technical Reportcited by 7
- 2026Instruct-FD: Can Your Full-Duplex Speech System Follow Turn-Taking Instructions?cited by 6
- 2026MSI-Bench: Evaluating Multi-Speaker Voice Interaction for Collaborative AI Agentscited by 4
- 2026M3-DuplexBench: A Multi-Turn, Multilingual, Multidomain Benchmark for Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 3
- 2026PolySpeech-100: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Speech Understanding Across 100+ Languages and Dialectscited by 1
- 2026Omni Demand Understanding: A Benchmark for Contextual User-Intent Inference in Multimodal Interactioncited by 1
- 2026MultiTalk: Scaling Full-Duplex Speech Models to Long, Multi-Party, Bilingual Conversationcited by 1
- 2026PACE: A Playback-Aligned Context Engine for LLM-Based Full-Duplex Voice Dialoguecited by 0
- 2026SpeechSense: A Paralinguistic-Focused Dataset for Fine-Grained Speech Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Continue, Adapt, or Yield: In-Turn Adaptation to Overlapping Speech in Full-Duplex Agentscited by 0
- 2026RoleBreak: Benchmarking Long-Horizon Role-Playing Robustness in Spoken Dialoguecited by 0
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026DuplexAct: How Interactive Are Frontier Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models?13 Oct 2026
- 2026People Making Conversation: Evaluating How Naturally Speech Models Converse8 Oct 2026
- 2026MultiTalk: Scaling Full-Duplex Speech Models to Long, Multi-Party, Bilingual Conversation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Natural Conversational Behavior in Tandem Speech-to-Speech Models with Randomized Guidance25 Sep 2026
- 2026Distributional Metrics for Evaluating Spoken Conversational Systems21 Sep 2026
- 2026MSI-Bench: Evaluating Multi-Speaker Voice Interaction for Collaborative AI Agents21 Sep 2026
- 2026Omni Demand Understanding: A Benchmark for Contextual User-Intent Inference in Multimodal Interaction18 Sep 2026
- 2026RoleBreak: Benchmarking Long-Horizon Role-Playing Robustness in Spoken Dialogue15 Sep 2026
- 2026Continue, Adapt, or Yield: In-Turn Adaptation to Overlapping Speech in Full-Duplex Agents11 Sep 2026
- 2026SpeechSense: A Paralinguistic-Focused Dataset for Fine-Grained Speech Sentiment Analysis18 Aug 2026
- 2026PACE: A Playback-Aligned Context Engine for LLM-Based Full-Duplex Voice Dialogue7 Aug 2026
- 2026M3-DuplexBench: A Multi-Turn, Multilingual, Multidomain Benchmark for Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Models31 Jul 2026
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)