mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

StyleDrive: Towards Driving-Style Aware Benchmarking of End-To-End Autonomous Driving

arXiv 2506.23982 ↗First posted 30 Jun 2025cs.CV cs.ROcited by 21

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners

Abstract (arXiv)

Personalization, while extensively studied in conventional autonomous driving pipelines, has been largely overlooked in the context of end-to-end autonomous driving (E2EAD), despite its critical role in fostering user trust, safety perception, and real-world adoption. A primary bottleneck is the absence of large-scale real-world datasets that systematically capture driving preferences, severely limiting the development and evaluation of personalized E2EAD models. In this work, we introduce the first large-scale real-world dataset explicitly curated for personalized E2EAD, integrating comprehensive scene topology with rich dynamic context derived from agent dynamics and semantics inferred via a fine-tuned vision-language model (VLM). We propose a hybrid annotation pipeline that combines behavioral analysis, rule-and-distribution-based heuristics, and subjective semantic modeling guided by VLM reasoning, with final refinement through human-in-the-loop verification. Building upon this dataset, we introduce the first standardized benchmark for systematically evaluating personalized E2EAD models. Empirical evaluations on state-of-the-art architectures demonstrate that incorporating personalized driving preferences significantly improves behavioral alignment with human demonstrations.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 38 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jun 2025.

Builds on

38 of 51 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving22 Nov
  2. 2024PP-TIL: Personalized Planning for Autonomous Driving with Instance-based Transfer Imitation Learning26 Jul
  3. 2024VADv2: End-to-End Vectorized Autonomous Driving via Probabilistic Planning20 Feb

Other references · 35

  1. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
  2. 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 559
  3. 2025VideoLLaMA 3: Frontier Multimodal Foundation Models for Image and Video Understandingcited by 518
  4. 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 490
  5. 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 485
  6. 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 485
  7. 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 461
  8. 2019Learning by Cheatingcited by 383
  9. 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 377
  10. 2024NAVSIM: Data-Driven Non-Reactive Autonomous Vehicle Simulation and Benchmarkingcited by 354
  11. 2021MetaDrive: Composing Diverse Driving Scenarios for Generalizable Reinforcement Learningcited by 290
  12. 2018Learning to Drive in a Daycited by 273
23 more
  1. 2023Parting with Misconceptions about Learning-based Vehicle Motion Planningcited by 242
  2. 2024GenAD: Generative End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 225
  3. 2022Safety-Enhanced Autonomous Driving Using Interpretable Sensor Fusion Transformercited by 212
  4. 2023Rethinking the Open-Loop Evaluation of End-to-End Autonomous Driving in nuScenescited by 191
  5. 2023Think Twice before Driving: Towards Scalable Decoders for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 169
  6. 2024Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Latent World Modelcited by 166
  7. 2025End-to-End Driving with Online Trajectory Evaluation via BEV World Modelcited by 151
  8. 2023LingoQA: Visual Question Answering for Autonomous Drivingcited by 145
  9. 2025DriveTransformer: Unified Transformer for Scalable End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 126
  10. 2023Recent Advancements in End-to-End Autonomous Driving using Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 103
  11. 2018Driving Policy Transfer via Modularity and Abstractioncited by 92
  12. 2024Multi-Modal Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 54
  13. 2023Personalized Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models: Field Experimentscited by 48
  14. 2016Brain4Cars: Car That Knows Before You Do via Sensory-Fusion Deep Learning Architecturecited by 31
  15. 2023MAVERIC: A Data-Driven Approach to Personalized Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
  16. 2024On-Board Vision-Language Models for Personalized Autonomous Vehicle Motion Control: System Design and Real-World Validationcited by 15
  17. 2022Driver Digital Twin for Online Prediction of Personalized Lane Change Behaviorcited by 13
  18. 2020End-to-end Autonomous Driving Perception with Sequential Latent Representation Learningcited by 11
  19. 2025PDB: Not All Drivers Are the Same -- A Personalized Dataset for Understanding Driving Behaviorcited by 6
  20. 2025PADriver: Towards Personalized Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
  21. 2024D2E-An Autonomous Decision-making Dataset involving Driver States and Human Evaluationcited by 3
  22. 2019Towards Courteous Behavior and Trajectory Planning for Automated Drivingcited by 2
  23. 2023Motion Comfort Optimization for Autonomous Vehicles: Concepts, Methods, and Techniquescited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 16.

21 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2025Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving: Past, Present, and Futurecited by 33
  2. 2025CoopTrack: Exploring End-to-End Learning for Efficient Cooperative Sequential Perceptioncited by 12
  3. 2025Research Challenges and Progress in the End-to-End V2X Cooperative Autonomous Driving Competitioncited by 9
  4. 2026ReconDrive: Fast Feed-Forward 4D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving Scene Reconstructioncited by 6
  5. 2026StyleVLA: Driving Style-Aware Vision Language Action Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
  6. 2025DriveE2E: Closed-Loop Benchmark for End-to-End Autonomous Driving through Real-to-Simulationcited by 5
  7. 2026Drive My Way: Preference Alignment of Vision-Language-Action Model for Personalized Drivingcited by 5
  8. 2026CounterScene: Counterfactual Causal Reasoning in Generative World Models for Safety-Critical Closed-Loop Evaluationcited by 4
  9. 2025DriveCritic: Towards Context-Aware, Human-Aligned Evaluation for Autonomous Driving with Vision-Language Modelscited by 3
  10. 2026Safe and Stylized Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving via Diffusion Modelcited by 2
  11. 2026Can Users Specify Driving Speed? Bench2Drive-Speed: Benchmark and Baselines for Desired-Speed Conditioned Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
  12. 2026Driving Like Yourself: A Benchmark for Closed-Loop Personalized End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
9 more
  1. 2026PersonaDrive: Human-Style Retrieval-Augmented VLA Agents for Closed-Loop Driving Simulationcited by 0
  2. 2026DriveDNA: A Large-Scale Multimodal Naturalistic Driving Dataset and Benchmark for Driving Style Identificationcited by 0
  3. 2026PersonaDrive: Controllable Trajectory Prediction with Multi-Dimensional Driving Personascited by 0
  4. 2026UniH3: Unifying Hierarchical Homogeneity and Heterogeneity for All-in-One Medical Image Restorationcited by 0
  5. 2026DriveHierarchy: A Benchmark for Diagnosing VLM Driving Capabilities from Open-Loop Understanding to Closed-Loop Executioncited by 0
  6. 2026VehDyn: A Driving World Model Benchmark for Vehicle Dynamicscited by 0
  7. 2026ExceptionDrive: A Planning-Oriented Counterfactual Corner-Case Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
  8. 2026A Survey on End-to-End Autonomous Driving Training from the Perspectives of Data, Strategy, and Platformcited by 0
  9. 2026YOUDrive: Driving Style as a Composable Direction for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026STAGE: STyle-controllable Action GEneration for personalized autonomous driving
  2. 2026DriveJudge: Rethinking Autonomous Driving Evaluation with Vision-Language Models
  3. 2024From Words to Wheels: Automated Style-Customized Policy Generation for Autonomous Driving
  4. 2026Long-Horizon Consistent and Interaction-Aware World Models for Multi-Style End-to-End Driving
  5. 2025InsightDrive: Insight Scene Representation for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
  6. 2026StandardE2E: A Unified Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Datasets
  7. 2025OpenDriveVLA: Towards End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Large Vision Language Action Model
  8. 2026ASTAD: Asymmetric Style Transfer for Synthetic-to-Real Adaptation in Autonomous Driving