mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

From Words to Wheels: Automated Style-Customized Policy Generation for Autonomous Driving

arXiv 2409.11694 ↗First posted 18 Sep 2024cs.ROcited by 5

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners

Abstract (arXiv)

Autonomous driving technology has witnessed rapid advancements, with foundation models improving interactivity and user experiences. However, current autonomous vehicles (AVs) face significant limitations in delivering command-based driving styles. Most existing methods either rely on predefined driving styles that require expert input or use data-driven techniques like Inverse Reinforcement Learning to extract styles from driving data. These approaches, though effective in some cases, face challenges: difficulty obtaining specific driving data for style matching (e.g., in Robotaxis), inability to align driving style metrics with user preferences, and limitations to pre-existing styles, restricting customization and generalization to new commands. This paper introduces Words2Wheels, a framework that automatically generates customized driving policies based on natural language user commands. Words2Wheels employs a Style-Customized Reward Function to generate a Style-Customized Driving Policy without relying on prior driving data. By leveraging large language models and a Driving Style Database, the framework efficiently retrieves, adapts, and generalizes driving styles. A Statistical Evaluation module ensures alignment with user preferences. Experimental results demonstrate that Words2Wheels outperforms existing methods in accuracy, generalization, and adaptability, offering a novel solution for customized AV driving behavior. Code and demo available at https://yokhon.github.io/Words2Wheels/.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 29 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2024.

Builds on

29 of 58 references.

References · 29

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  2. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  3. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,160
  4. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,846
  5. 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 455
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  8. 2023DriveMLM: Aligning Multi-Modal Large Language Models with Behavioral Planning States for Autonomous Drivingcited by 233
  9. 2023Driving with LLMs: Fusing Object-Level Vector Modality for Explainable Autonomous Drivingcited by 231
  10. 2023DiLu: A Knowledge-Driven Approach to Autonomous Driving with Large Language Modelscited by 204
  11. 2023Vision Language Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey and Outlookcited by 124
  12. 2023Receive, Reason, and React: Drive as You Say with Large Language Models in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 72
17 more
  1. 2019Safe, Efficient, and Comfortable Velocity Control based on Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 56
  2. 2019Human-Like Autonomous Car-Following Model with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 47
  3. 2020Driving Behavior Modeling using Naturalistic Human Driving Data with Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 46
  4. 2023Personalized Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models: Field Experimentscited by 46
  5. 2023LaMPilot: An Open Benchmark Dataset for Autonomous Driving with Language Model Programscited by 45
  6. 2019Driving with Style: Inverse Reinforcement Learning in General-Purpose Planning for Automated Drivingcited by 30
  7. 2024DriVLMe: Enhancing LLM-based Autonomous Driving Agents with Embodied and Social Experiencescited by 27
  8. 2023Human-Centric Autonomous Systems With LLMs for User Command Reasoningcited by 22
  9. 2023FollowNet: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Car-Following Behavior Modelingcited by 21
  10. 2024A Review of Reward Functions for Reinforcement Learning in the context of Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
  11. 2024Driving Style Alignment for LLM-powered Driver Agentcited by 15
  12. 2017Driving Style Analysis Using Primitive Driving Patterns With Bayesian Nonparametric Approachescited by 11
  13. 2024Generating and Evolving Reward Functions for Highway Driving with Large Language Modelscited by 8
  14. 2023EnsembleFollower: A Hybrid Car-Following Framework Based On Reinforcement Learning and Hierarchical Planningcited by 6
  15. 2024EditFollower: Tunable Car Following Models for Customizable Adaptive Cruise Control Systemscited by 4
  16. 2022A Study on Learning and Simulating Personalized Car-Following Driving Stylecited by 3
  17. 2016A Rapid Pattern-Recognition Method for Driving Types Using Clustering-Based Support Vector Machinescited by 1

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 3.

5 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026STAGE: STyle-controllable Action GEneration for personalized autonomous driving
  2. 2026Driving Like Yourself: A Benchmark for Closed-Loop Personalized End-to-End Autonomous Driving
  3. 2025StyleDrive: Towards Driving-Style Aware Benchmarking of End-To-End Autonomous Driving
  4. 2023Identifying Reaction-Aware Driving Styles of Stochastic Model Predictive Controlled Vehicles by Inverse Reinforcement Learning
  5. 2025DriveCritic: Towards Context-Aware, Human-Aligned Evaluation for Autonomous Driving with Vision-Language Models
  6. 2024LORD: Large Models based Opposite Reward Design for Autonomous Driving
  7. 2026StyleVLA: Driving Style-Aware Vision Language Action Model for Autonomous Driving
  8. 2026PersonaDrive: Human-Style Retrieval-Augmented VLA Agents for Closed-Loop Driving Simulation