Driving Like Yourself: A Benchmark for Closed-Loop Personalized End-to-End Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners
Abstract (arXiv)
Human driving behavior is inherently diverse, yet most end-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD) systems learn a single average driving style, neglecting individual differences. Achieving personalized E2E-AD faces challenges across three levels: limited real-world datasets with individual-level annotations, a lack of quantitative metrics for evaluating personal driving styles, and the absence of algorithms that can learn stylized representations from users' trajectories. To address these gaps, we propose Person2Drive, a comprehensive personalized E2E-AD platform and benchmark. It includes an open-source, flexible data collection system that simulates realistic scenarios to generate scalable, diverse personalized driving datasets; style vector-based evaluation metrics with Maximum Mean Discrepancy and KL divergence to comprehensively quantify individual driving behaviors; and a personalized E2E-AD framework with a style reward model that efficiently adapts E2E models for safe and individualized driving. Crucially, our framework enables plug-and-play personalization by fine-tuning only the trajectory prediction head, preserving the pretrained base model and ensuring safety. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Person2Drive enables fine-grained analysis and effective personalization, while preserving driving performance and success rate even in challenging scenarios.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 21 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Feb 2026.
Builds on
21 of 34 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2025StyleDrive: Towards Driving-Style Aware Benchmarking of End-To-End Autonomous Driving30 Jun
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving22 Nov
Other references · 19
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
- 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
- 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 250
- 2024GenAD: Generative End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 225
- 2022Safety-Enhanced Autonomous Driving Using Interpretable Sensor Fusion Transformercited by 211
- 2023Think Twice before Driving: Towards Scalable Decoders for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 168
- 2024Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Latent World Modelcited by 161
- 2025DriveTransformer: Unified Transformer for Scalable End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 125
- 2023Recent Advancements in End-to-End Autonomous Driving using Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 101
- 2023Personalized Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models: Field Experimentscited by 46
- 2016Brain4Cars: Car That Knows Before You Do via Sensory-Fusion Deep Learning Architecturecited by 31
7 more
- 2020Human-Like Decision Making for Autonomous Driving: A Noncooperative Game Theoretic Approachcited by 30
- 2023MAVERIC: A Data-Driven Approach to Personalized Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
- 2022Driver Digital Twin for Online Prediction of Personalized Lane Change Behaviorcited by 13
- 2025Towards Human-Centric Autonomous Driving: A Fast-Slow Architecture Integrating Large Language Model Guidance with Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
- 2025PDB: Not All Drivers Are the Same -- A Personalized Dataset for Understanding Driving Behaviorcited by 6
- 2025PADriver: Towards Personalized Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2024D2E-An Autonomous Decision-making Dataset involving Driver States and Human Evaluationcited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Drive My Way: Preference Alignment of Vision-Language-Action Model for Personalized Driving
- 2026STAGE: STyle-controllable Action GEneration for personalized autonomous driving
- 2026PersonaDrive: Human-Style Retrieval-Augmented VLA Agents for Closed-Loop Driving Simulation
- 2024From Words to Wheels: Automated Style-Customized Policy Generation for Autonomous Driving
- 2026A Survey on End-to-End Autonomous Driving Training from the Perspectives of Data, Strategy, and Platform
- 2025Learning Personalized Driving Styles via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
- 2024Data Scaling Laws for Imitation Learning-Based End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2025Discrete Contrastive Learning for Diffusion Policies in Autonomous Driving