cadrille: Multi-modal CAD Reconstruction with Reinforcement Learning
On the map: Deep reinforcement learning methods → RL with diffusion and flow models
Abstract (arXiv)
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) plays a central role in engineering and manufacturing, making it possible to create precise and editable 3D models. Using a variety of sensor or user-provided data as inputs for CAD reconstruction can democratize access to design applications. However, existing methods typically focus on a single input modality, such as point clouds, images, or text, which limits their generalizability and robustness. Leveraging recent advances in vision-language models (VLM), we propose a multi-modal CAD reconstruction model that simultaneously processes all three input modalities. Inspired by large language model (LLM) training paradigms, we adopt a two-stage pipeline: supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on large-scale procedurally generated data, followed by reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning using online feedback, obtained programatically. Furthermore, we are the first to explore RL fine-tuning of LLMs for CAD tasks demonstrating that online RL algorithms such as Group Relative Preference Optimization (GRPO) outperform offline alternatives. In the DeepCAD benchmark, our SFT model outperforms existing single-modal approaches in all three input modalities simultaneously. More importantly, after RL fine-tuning, cadrille sets new state-of-the-art on three challenging datasets, including a real-world one. Code is avaliable at https://github.com/col14m/cadrille .
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in RL with diffusion and flow models, one of 15 directions in Deep reinforcement learning methods. Builds on 50 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 May 2025.
Builds on
50 of 65 references.
References · 50
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- 2024BrepGen: A B-rep Generative Diffusion Model with Structured Latent Geometrycited by 103
38 more
- 2020ParSeNet: A Parametric Surface Fitting Network for 3D Point Cloudscited by 96
- 2025CPPO: Accelerating the Training of Group Relative Policy Optimization-Based Reasoning Modelscited by 96
- 2021BRepNet: A topological message passing system for solid modelscited by 95
- 2019Write, Execute, Assess: Program Synthesis with a REPLcited by 93
- 2023Hierarchical Neural Coding for Controllable CAD Model Generationcited by 86
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- 2024CAD-SIGNet: CAD Language Inference from Point Clouds using Layer-wise Sketch Instance Guided Attentioncited by 64
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 15.
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- 2026CADBench: A Multimodal Benchmark for AI-Assisted CAD Program Generationcited by 11
- 2026P3D-Bench: Benchmarking MLLMs for Parametric 3D Generation and Structural Reasoningcited by 9
- 2026CADFS: A Big CAD Program Dataset and Framework for Computer-Aided Design with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2026Procedura: Agentic 3D Modeling with Procedural Controlcited by 4
- 2026Self-Improving CAD Generation Agents with Finite Element Analysis as Feedbackcited by 2
- 2025BrepLLM: Enabling Large Language Models to Understand Boundary Representationscited by 1
- 2026Draw it like Euclid: Teaching transformer models to generate CAD profiles using ruler and compass construction stepscited by 1
- 2026BRepCLIP: Contrastive Multimodal Pretraining on BRep Primitives for CAD Understandingcited by 1
- 2026CADENA: Stepwise CAD Reverse Engineeringcited by 1
- 2026An Exam for Active Observerscited by 0
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- 2026Look Where You Can: Active View Selection for CAD Reconstruction under Occlusion8 Oct 2026
- 2026CADFather: Autonomous CAD Reconstruction through Coordinated Tool Use6 Oct 2026
- 2026FACT: Fidelity-Aware Construction of Articulated Twins29 Sep 2026
- 2026ConCAD: Constraint-Aware Image-to-CAD Generation with Dual-Granularity Rewards28 Sep 2026
- 2026Procedura: Agentic 3D Modeling with Procedural Control26 Aug 2026
- 2026MIRAGE-CAD: Construction-Mediated Multimodal Generation of Executable CAD Programs24 Aug 2026
- 2026Test-Time Scaling for CAD Generation via Verifier-Free Consensus Selection10 Aug 2026
- 2026CADENA: Stepwise CAD Reverse Engineering1 Aug 2026
- 2026An Exam for Active Observers17 Jul 2026
- 2026P3D-Bench: Benchmarking MLLMs for Parametric 3D Generation and Structural Reasoning9 Jun 2026
- 2026BRepCLIP: Contrastive Multimodal Pretraining on BRep Primitives for CAD Understanding3 Jun 2026
- 2026Self-Improving CAD Generation Agents with Finite Element Analysis as Feedback17 May 2026
4 more
- 2026CADBench: A Multimodal Benchmark for AI-Assisted CAD Program Generation11 May 2026
- 2026CADFS: A Big CAD Program Dataset and Framework for Computer-Aided Design with Large Language Models3 May 2026
- 2026Draw it like Euclid: Teaching transformer models to generate CAD profiles using ruler and compass construction steps14 Jan 2026
- 2025BrepLLM: Enabling Large Language Models to Understand Boundary Representations18 Dec 2025
- 2026Procedura: Agentic 3D Modeling with Procedural Controlcited by 4
- 2026Procedura: Agentic 3D Modeling with Procedural Control26 Aug 2026
- 2026CADBench: A Multimodal Benchmark for AI-Assisted CAD Program Generationcited by 11
- 2026Self-Improving CAD Generation Agents with Finite Element Analysis as Feedbackcited by 2
- 2025BrepLLM: Enabling Large Language Models to Understand Boundary Representationscited by 1
- 2026Draw it like Euclid: Teaching transformer models to generate CAD profiles using ruler and compass construction stepscited by 1
- 2026BRepCLIP: Contrastive Multimodal Pretraining on BRep Primitives for CAD Understandingcited by 1
- 2026CADENA: Stepwise CAD Reverse Engineeringcited by 1
- 2026An Exam for Active Observerscited by 0
- 2026MIRAGE-CAD: Construction-Mediated Multimodal Generation of Executable CAD Programscited by 0
- 2026ConCAD: Constraint-Aware Image-to-CAD Generation with Dual-Granularity Rewardscited by 0
- 2026FACT: Fidelity-Aware Construction of Articulated Twinscited by 0
- 2026CADFather: Autonomous CAD Reconstruction through Coordinated Tool Usecited by 0
- 2026Look Where You Can: Active View Selection for CAD Reconstruction under Occlusioncited by 0
- 2026Look Where You Can: Active View Selection for CAD Reconstruction under Occlusion8 Oct 2026
- 2026CADFather: Autonomous CAD Reconstruction through Coordinated Tool Use6 Oct 2026
- 2026FACT: Fidelity-Aware Construction of Articulated Twins29 Sep 2026
- 2026ConCAD: Constraint-Aware Image-to-CAD Generation with Dual-Granularity Rewards28 Sep 2026
- 2026MIRAGE-CAD: Construction-Mediated Multimodal Generation of Executable CAD Programs24 Aug 2026
- 2026CADENA: Stepwise CAD Reverse Engineering1 Aug 2026
- 2026An Exam for Active Observers17 Jul 2026
- 2026BRepCLIP: Contrastive Multimodal Pretraining on BRep Primitives for CAD Understanding3 Jun 2026
- 2026Self-Improving CAD Generation Agents with Finite Element Analysis as Feedback17 May 2026
- 2026CADBench: A Multimodal Benchmark for AI-Assisted CAD Program Generation11 May 2026
- 2026Draw it like Euclid: Teaching transformer models to generate CAD profiles using ruler and compass construction steps14 Jan 2026
- 2025BrepLLM: Enabling Large Language Models to Understand Boundary Representations18 Dec 2025
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- 2025ReCAD: Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Parametric CAD Model Generation with Vision-Language Models
- 2025GACO-CAD: Geometry-Augmented and Conciseness-Optimized CAD Model Generation from Single Image
- 2026UniCAD: A Unified Benchmark and Universal Model for Multi-Modal Multi-Task CAD
- 2025CReFT-CAD: Boosting Orthographic Projection Reasoning for CAD via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning
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- 2026TOOLCAD: Exploring Tool-Using Large Language Models in Text-to-CAD Generation with Reinforcement Learning