mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems

arXiv 2504.21034 ↗First posted 27 Apr 2025cs.CR cs.AI cs.LGcited by 45

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent threats, guardrails and governance

Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents increasingly interact, collaborate, and delegate tasks to one another autonomously with minimal human interaction. Industry guidelines for agentic system governance emphasize the need for users to maintain comprehensive control over their agents, mitigating potential damage from malicious agents. Several proposed agentic system designs address agent identity, authorization, and delegation, but remain purely theoretical, without concrete implementation and evaluation. Most importantly, they do not provide user-controlled agent management. To address this gap, we propose SAGA, a scalable Security Architecture for Governing Agentic systems, that offers user oversight over their agents' lifecycle. In our design, users register their agents with a central entity, the Provider, that maintains agent contact information, user-defined access control policies, and helps agents enforce these policies on inter-agent communication. We introduce a cryptographic mechanism for deriving access control tokens, that offers fine-grained control over an agent's interaction with other agents, providing formal security guarantees. We evaluate SAGA on several agentic tasks, using agents in different geolocations, and multiple on-device and cloud LLMs, demonstrating minimal performance overhead with no impact on underlying task utility in a wide range of conditions. Our architecture enables secure and trustworthy deployment of autonomous agents, accelerating the responsible adoption of this technology in sensitive environments.

Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent threats, guardrails and governance, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 28 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Apr 2025.

Builds on

28 of 83 references.

Closest ancestors · 10

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025textitAgents Under Siege: Breaking Pragmatic Multi-Agent LLM Systems with Optimized Prompt Attacks31 Mar
  2. 2025Defeating Prompt Injections by Design24 Mar
  3. 2025Multi-Agent Systems Execute Arbitrary Malicious Code15 Mar
  4. 2025Construction and Evaluation of LLM-based agents for Semi-Autonomous penetration testing21 Feb
  5. 2025Red-Teaming LLM Multi-Agent Systems via Communication Attacks20 Feb
  6. 2024Prompt Infection: LLM-to-LLM Prompt Injection within Multi-Agent Systems9 Oct
  7. 2024Hackphyr: A Local Fine-Tuned LLM Agent for Network Security Environments17 Sep
  8. 2024Flooding Spread of Manipulated Knowledge in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Communities10 Jul
  9. 2024AirGapAgent: Protecting Privacy-Conscious Conversational Agents8 May
  10. 2024Agent Smith: A Single Image Can Jailbreak One Million Multimodal LLM Agents Exponentially Fast13 Feb

Other references · 18

  1. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
  2. 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
  3. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,182
  4. 2023AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversationcited by 1,988
  5. 2023BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Financecited by 939
  6. 2025Multi-Agent Collaboration Mechanisms: A Survey of LLMscited by 431
  7. 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challengescited by 90
  8. 2025A Survey of LLM-based Agents in Medicine: How far are we from Baymax?cited by 85
  9. 2024When LLMs Meet Cybersecurity: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 71
  10. 2025Authenticated Delegation and Authorized AI Agentscited by 65
  11. 2025Beyond Self-Talk: A Communication-Centric Survey of LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 62
  12. 2024Here Comes The AI Worm: Unleashing Zero-click Worms that Target GenAI-Powered Applicationscited by 59
6 more
  1. 2024MultiAgent Collaboration Attack: Investigating Adversarial Attacks in Large Language Model Collaborations via Debatecited by 56
  2. 2025Infrastructure for AI Agentscited by 41
  3. 2024IDs for AI Systemscited by 19
  4. 2024Frontier AI systems have surpassed the self-replicating red linecited by 17
  5. 2024FinRobot: AI Agent for Equity Research and Valuation with Large Language Modelscited by 10
  6. 2024Sharding Distributed Databases: A Critical Reviewcited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 7; 2026: 38.

45 papers.

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  1. 2025A Survey of LLM-Driven AI Agent Communication: Protocols, Security Risks, and Defense Countermeasurescited by 57
  2. 2025Agentic AI: A Comprehensive Survey of Architectures, Applications, and Future Directionscited by 48
  3. 2025Vibe Coding vs. Agentic Coding: Fundamentals and Practical Implications of Agentic AIcited by 42
  4. 2026The Attack and Defense Landscape of Agentic AI: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 28
  5. 2026A Survey of Agentic AI and Cybersecurity: Challenges, Opportunities and Use-case Prototypescited by 22
  6. 2025Systems Security Foundations for Agentic Computingcited by 13
  7. 2026Agent libOS: A Runtime Substrate for Capability-Controlled Self-Evolving LLM Agentscited by 10
  8. 2026SoK: Security of Autonomous LLM Agents in Agentic Commercecited by 8
  9. 2026Lingering Authority: Revocable Resource-and-Effect Capabilities for Coding Agentscited by 8
  10. 2026SMCP: Secure Model Context Protocolcited by 5
  11. 2026Agent Security is a Systems Problemcited by 5
  12. 2026Overlaying Governance: A Compositional Authorization Framework for Delegation and Scope in Agentic AIcited by 5
33 more
  1. 2026Deontic Policies for Runtime Governance of Agentic AI Systemscited by 5
  2. 2026Intent-Governed Tool Authorization for AI Agentscited by 5
  3. 2026AID-Guard: Stateful Authorization for Delegated Agent Effectscited by 5
  4. 2026Faramesh: A Protocol-Agnostic Execution Control Plane for Autonomous Agent Systemscited by 4
  5. 2026Tracking Capabilities for Safer Agentscited by 4
  6. 2026An AI Agent Execution Environment to Safeguard User Datacited by 4
  7. 2026Intelligence as Managed Autonomy: Failure, Escalation, and Governance for Agentic AI Systemscited by 4
  8. 2025Fortifying the Agentic Web: A Unified Zero-Trust Architecture Against Logic-layer Threatscited by 3
  9. 2026Agents at Risk: How Users Unwittingly Undermine LLM Safetycited by 3
  10. 2025Agentic AI for Autonomous Defense in Software Supply Chain Security: Beyond Provenance to Vulnerability Mitigationcited by 2
  11. 2026AgenticCyOps: Securing Multi-Agentic AI Integration in Enterprise Cyber Operationscited by 2
  12. 2026SUDP: Secret-Use Delegation Protocol for Agentic Systemscited by 2
  13. 2026MAGIQ: A Post-Quantum Multi-Agentic AI Governance System with Provable Securitycited by 2
  14. 2026Attacks and Mitigations for Distributed Governance of Agentic AI under Byzantine Adversariescited by 2
  15. 2025MiniScope: A Least Privilege Framework for Authorizing Tool Calling Agentscited by 1
  16. 2026Like a Hammer, It Can Build, It Can Break: Large Language Model Uses, Perceptions, and Adoption in Cybersecurity Operations on Redditcited by 1
  17. 2026Bounded Autonomy for Enterprise AI: Typed Action Contracts and Consumer-Side Executioncited by 1
  18. 2026Governing What the EU AI Act Excludes: Accountability for Autonomous AI Agents in Smart City Critical Infrastructurecited by 1
  19. 2026Trust Without Trusting: A Recomputable Trust Protocol for Autonomous Agentscited by 1
  20. 2026SeClaw: Spec-Driven Security Task Synthesis for Evaluating Autonomous Agentscited by 1
  21. 2026Misleading the Planner through Deceptive Resumes: Registration-Time Injection in Centralized Multi-Agent Systemscited by 1
  22. 2026Agentic AI Governance and Lifecycle Management in Healthcarecited by 0
  23. 2026Specifying AI-SDLC Processes: A Protocol Language for Human-Agent Boundariescited by 0
  24. 2026DualView: Preventing Indirect Prompt Injection in Personal AI Agentscited by 0
  25. 2026Hardware Keystores for AI Agent Signing Workflows: A Zero-Trust MCP Enforcement Architecturecited by 0
  26. 2026ACLE-MCP: Attested Capability Leases for Execution-Time Trust in Remote LLM Tool Usecited by 0
  27. 2026NostrAgent: A Decentralized Identity and Delegation Architecture for Sovereign Agentic Systemscited by 0
  28. 2026When Agentic Trust Crosses Organizational Boundaries: Structural Externalization and a Reference Model for Trust Evidencecited by 0
  29. 2026When the Agent Becomes the Kernel: A Systematization of Security on the Path to AI-Native Operating Systemscited by 0
  30. 2026Resource-Optimized and Energy-Aware Agentic AI Framework Anchored on Blockchain for Secure Software Supply Chainscited by 0
  31. 2026When Valid Tool Calls Change Meaning: Formation-Consistent Dispatch for LLM Agentscited by 0
  32. 2026PANDA: A Decentralized Architecture with Flexible Orchestration for Scalable, Fault-Tolerant Multi-Agent Systemscited by 0
  33. 2026Sapien: A Stateful Policy Engine for Autonomous AI Agentscited by 0

Similar, not cited

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  2. 2026Toward Securing AI Agents Like Operating Systems
  3. 2026Rethinking Agent Security as a Networking Problem
  4. 2026Delegation Without Trust: An Empirical Gap Analysis of Identity, Authorization, and Runtime Governance in Multi-Agent LLM Systems
  5. 2025Agentic AI Security: Threats, Defenses, Evaluation, and Open Challenges
  6. 2026A Systematic Survey of Security Threats and Defenses in LLM-Based AI Agents: A Layered Attack Surface Framework
  7. 2025LLM Agents Should Employ Security Principles
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