Towards General-Purpose Model-Free Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Reinforcement learning (RL) promises a framework for near-universal problem-solving. In practice however, RL algorithms are often tailored to specific benchmarks, relying on carefully tuned hyperparameters and algorithmic choices. Recently, powerful model-based RL methods have shown impressive general results across benchmarks but come at the cost of increased complexity and slow run times, limiting their broader applicability. In this paper, we attempt to find a unifying model-free deep RL algorithm that can address a diverse class of domains and problem settings. To achieve this, we leverage model-based representations that approximately linearize the value function, taking advantage of the denser task objectives used by model-based RL while avoiding the costs associated with planning or simulated trajectories. We evaluate our algorithm, MR.Q, on a variety of common RL benchmarks with a single set of hyperparameters and show a competitive performance against domain-specific and general baselines, providing a concrete step towards building general-purpose model-free deep RL algorithms.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 78 of its 118 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Jan 2025.
Builds on
78 of 118 references.
References · 78
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50 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 17; 2026: 23.
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- 2025Hyperspherical Normalization for Scalable Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 35
- 2025FastTD3: Simple, Fast, and Capable Reinforcement Learning for Humanoid Controlcited by 32
- 2025A Survey of State Representation Learning for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2025XQC: Well-conditioned Optimization Accelerates Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2025TD-JEPA: Latent-predictive Representations for Zero-Shot Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2025Simplicial Embeddings Improve Sample Efficiency in Actor-Critic Agentscited by 12
- 2025Relative Entropy Pathwise Policy Optimizationcited by 6
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- 2026Stable Deep Reinforcement Learning via Isotropic Gaussian Representationscited by 5
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- 2025Calibrated Value-Aware Model Learning with Probabilistic Environment Modelscited by 2
- 2026Temporal Difference Learning with Constrained Initial Representationscited by 2
- 2026Squint: Fast Visual Reinforcement Learning for Sim-to-Real Roboticscited by 2
- 2025Rethinking the Role of Dynamic Sparse Training for Scalable Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
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- 2026Regularized Latent Dynamics Prediction is a Strong Baseline For Behavioral Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2026MSPR: Multi-scale Predictive Representations for Goal-conditioned Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026Debiased Model-based Representations for Sample-efficient Continuous Controlcited by 1
- 2026Behavior-Consistent Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025Robust Remote Reinforcement Learning over Unreliable Communication Channels using Homomorphic State Encodingcited by 0
- 2025Generalizing Beyond Suboptimality: Offline Reinforcement Learning Learns Effective Scheduling through Random Solutionscited by 0
- 2025A Forensic Analysis of Synthetic Data in RL: Diagnosing and Solving Algorithmic Failures in Model-Based Policy Optimizationcited by 0
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- 2026Temporal Consistency Improves Generalization in Contextual Offline Meta Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
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- 2026Scaling World-Model Reinforcement Learning Through Diffusion Policy Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Representation Learning Enables Scalable Multitask Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
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- 2026Deep Reinforcement Learning for Spacecraft Attitude Control During Atmospheric Re-Entrycited by 0
- 2026Beyond Isolation: Unlocking Reinforcement Learning Component Synergy for Sample-Efficient Continuous Controlcited by 0
- 2026V-Simba: Unleashing the Architectural Potential of RL in Visual Continuous Controlcited by 0
- 2026On BatchNorm Forward Modes in Value-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026FERPO: Forward Entropy-Regularized Policy Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026FERPO: Forward Entropy-Regularized Policy Optimization1 Oct 2026
- 2026On BatchNorm Forward Modes in Value-Based Reinforcement Learning6 Sep 2026
- 2026V-Simba: Unleashing the Architectural Potential of RL in Visual Continuous Control8 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Isolation: Unlocking Reinforcement Learning Component Synergy for Sample-Efficient Continuous Control7 Aug 2026
- 2026Deep Reinforcement Learning for Spacecraft Attitude Control During Atmospheric Re-Entry30 Jun 2026
- 2026NASDAQ: Normalized Observation Space Dynamics-Augmented Q-Learning19 Jun 2026
- 2026Representation Learning Enables Scalable Multitask Deep Reinforcement Learning4 Jun 2026
- 2026Scaling World-Model Reinforcement Learning Through Diffusion Policy Optimization25 May 2026
- 2026Behavior-Consistent Deep Reinforcement Learning20 May 2026
- 2026Debiased Model-based Representations for Sample-efficient Continuous Control12 May 2026
- 2026When Does Non-Uniform Replay Matter in Reinforcement Learning?11 May 2026
- 2026MSPR: Multi-scale Predictive Representations for Goal-conditioned Reinforcement Learning10 May 2026
28 more
- 2026FlashSAC: Fast and Stable Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning for High-Dimensional Robot Control6 Apr 2026
- 2026Regularized Latent Dynamics Prediction is a Strong Baseline For Behavioral Foundation Models16 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Batch-to-Streaming Deep Reinforcement Learning for Continuous Control9 Mar 2026
- 2026Reward-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning5 Mar 2026
- 2026Temporal Consistency Improves Generalization in Contextual Offline Meta Reinforcement Learning3 Mar 2026
- 2026Squint: Fast Visual Reinforcement Learning for Sim-to-Real Robotics24 Feb 2026
- 2026Stable Deep Reinforcement Learning via Isotropic Gaussian Representations22 Feb 2026
- 2026WIMLE: Uncertainty-Aware World Models with IMLE for Sample-Efficient Continuous Control15 Feb 2026
- 2026Temporal Difference Learning with Constrained Initial Representations12 Feb 2026
- 2026Squeezing More from the Stream : Learning Representation Online for Streaming Reinforcement Learning10 Feb 2026
- 2026The Surprising Difficulty of Search in Model-Based Reinforcement Learning29 Jan 2026
- 2025Spectral Representation-based Reinforcement Learning17 Dec 2025
- 2025Simplicial Embeddings Improve Sample Efficiency in Actor-Critic Agents15 Oct 2025
- 2025Rethinking the Role of Dynamic Sparse Training for Scalable Deep Reinforcement Learning14 Oct 2025
- 2025To Distill or Decide? Understanding the Algorithmic Trade-off in Partially Observable Reinforcement Learning3 Oct 2025
- 2025A Forensic Analysis of Synthetic Data in RL: Diagnosing and Solving Algorithmic Failures in Model-Based Policy Optimization1 Oct 2025
- 2025TD-JEPA: Latent-predictive Representations for Zero-Shot Reinforcement Learning1 Oct 2025
- 2025XQC: Well-conditioned Optimization Accelerates Deep Reinforcement Learning29 Sep 2025
- 2025Generalizing Beyond Suboptimality: Offline Reinforcement Learning Learns Effective Scheduling through Random Solutions12 Sep 2025
- 2025Dynamics-Aligned Latent Imagination in Contextual World Models for Zero-Shot Generalization27 Aug 2025
- 2025Robust Remote Reinforcement Learning over Unreliable Communication Channels using Homomorphic State Encoding11 Aug 2025
- 2025Spectral Bellman Method: Unifying Representation and Exploration in RL17 Jul 2025
- 2025Relative Entropy Pathwise Policy Optimization15 Jul 2025
- 2025A Survey of State Representation Learning for Deep Reinforcement Learning20 Jun 2025
- 2025Calibrated Value-Aware Model Learning with Probabilistic Environment Models28 May 2025
- 2025FastTD3: Simple, Fast, and Capable Reinforcement Learning for Humanoid Control28 May 2025
- 2025Merging and Disentangling Views in Visual Reinforcement Learning for Robotic Manipulation7 May 2025
- 2025Hyperspherical Normalization for Scalable Deep Reinforcement Learning21 Feb 2025
- 2025Dynamics-Aligned Latent Imagination in Contextual World Models for Zero-Shot Generalizationcited by 5
- 2026WIMLE: Uncertainty-Aware World Models with IMLE for Sample-Efficient Continuous Controlcited by 3
- 2026Scaling World-Model Reinforcement Learning Through Diffusion Policy Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Scaling World-Model Reinforcement Learning Through Diffusion Policy Optimization25 May 2026
- 2026WIMLE: Uncertainty-Aware World Models with IMLE for Sample-Efficient Continuous Control15 Feb 2026
- 2025Dynamics-Aligned Latent Imagination in Contextual World Models for Zero-Shot Generalization27 Aug 2025
- 2026Reward-Conditioned Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026Reward-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning5 Mar 2026
- 2025Hyperspherical Normalization for Scalable Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 35
- 2025FastTD3: Simple, Fast, and Capable Reinforcement Learning for Humanoid Controlcited by 32
- 2025A Survey of State Representation Learning for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2025XQC: Well-conditioned Optimization Accelerates Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2025TD-JEPA: Latent-predictive Representations for Zero-Shot Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2025Simplicial Embeddings Improve Sample Efficiency in Actor-Critic Agentscited by 12
- 2025Relative Entropy Pathwise Policy Optimizationcited by 6
- 2026The Surprising Difficulty of Search in Model-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2026Stable Deep Reinforcement Learning via Isotropic Gaussian Representationscited by 5
- 2026FlashSAC: Fast and Stable Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning for High-Dimensional Robot Controlcited by 5
- 2025Spectral Bellman Method: Unifying Representation and Exploration in RLcited by 3
- 2025To Distill or Decide? Understanding the Algorithmic Trade-off in Partially Observable Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026FERPO: Forward Entropy-Regularized Policy Optimization1 Oct 2026
- 2026On BatchNorm Forward Modes in Value-Based Reinforcement Learning6 Sep 2026
- 2026V-Simba: Unleashing the Architectural Potential of RL in Visual Continuous Control8 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Isolation: Unlocking Reinforcement Learning Component Synergy for Sample-Efficient Continuous Control7 Aug 2026
- 2026Deep Reinforcement Learning for Spacecraft Attitude Control During Atmospheric Re-Entry30 Jun 2026
- 2026NASDAQ: Normalized Observation Space Dynamics-Augmented Q-Learning19 Jun 2026
- 2026Representation Learning Enables Scalable Multitask Deep Reinforcement Learning4 Jun 2026
- 2026Behavior-Consistent Deep Reinforcement Learning20 May 2026
- 2026Debiased Model-based Representations for Sample-efficient Continuous Control12 May 2026
- 2026When Does Non-Uniform Replay Matter in Reinforcement Learning?11 May 2026
- 2026MSPR: Multi-scale Predictive Representations for Goal-conditioned Reinforcement Learning10 May 2026
- 2026FlashSAC: Fast and Stable Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning for High-Dimensional Robot Control6 Apr 2026
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)