mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions

arXiv 2501.13419 ↗First posted 23 Jan 2025cs.CLcited by 5

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Abstract (arXiv)

Language in the Arab world presents a complex diglossic and multilingual setting, involving the use of Modern Standard Arabic, various dialects and sub-dialects, as well as multiple European languages. This diverse linguistic landscape has given rise to code-switching, both within Arabic varieties and between Arabic and foreign languages. The widespread occurrence of code-switching across the region makes it vital to address these linguistic needs when developing language technologies. In this paper, we provide a review of the current literature in the field of code-switched Arabic NLP, offering a broad perspective on ongoing efforts, challenges, research gaps, and recommendations for future research directions.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 54 of its 203 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jan 2025.

Builds on

54 of 203 references.

References · 54

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  2. 2020GLUECoS : An Evaluation Benchmark for Code-Switched NLPcited by 101
  3. 2020LinCE: A Centralized Benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluationcited by 92
  4. 2019A Survey of Code-switched Speech and Language Processingcited by 73
  5. 2021AraT5: Text-to-Text Transformers for Arabic Language Generationcited by 63
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  8. 2023Prompting Multilingual Large Language Models to Generate Code-Mixed Texts: The Case of South East Asian Languagescited by 50
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  10. 2021Towards One Model to Rule All: Multilingual Strategy for Dialectal Code-Switching Arabic ASRcited by 40
  11. 2021QASR: QCRI Aljazeera Speech Resource -- A Large Scale Annotated Arabic Speech Corpuscited by 38
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38 more
  1. 2019Overview for the Second Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Datacited by 33
  2. 2023NADI 2023: The Fourth Nuanced Arabic Dialect Identification Shared Taskcited by 29
  3. 2023ALDi: Quantifying the Arabic Level of Dialectness of Textcited by 24
  4. 2024NADI 2024: The Fifth Nuanced Arabic Dialect Identification Shared Taskcited by 23
  5. 2023Dolphin: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Arabic NLGcited by 22
  6. 2016Challenges of Computational Processing of Code-Switchingcited by 20
  7. 2022Anonymizing Speech with Generative Adversarial Networks to Preserve Speaker Privacycited by 20
  8. 2018Privacy in Social Media: Identification, Mitigation and Applicationscited by 18
  9. 2021Arabic Code-Switching Speech Recognition using Monolingual Datacited by 17
  10. 2013Arabizi Detection and Conversion to Arabiccited by 16
  11. 2021Investigations on Speech Recognition Systems for Low-Resource Dialectal Arabic-English Code-Switching Speechcited by 15
  12. 2020Can Multilingual Language Models Transfer to an Unseen Dialect? A Case Study on North African Arabizicited by 13
  13. 2022ArzEn-ST: A Three-way Speech Translation Corpus for Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic - Englishcited by 13
  14. 2023Arabic Dialect Identification under Scrutiny: Limitations of Single-label Classificationcited by 13
  15. 2024Mixat: A Data Set of Bilingual Emirati-English Speechcited by 12
  16. 2020Is it Great or Terrible? Preserving Sentiment in Neural Machine Translation of Arabic Reviewscited by 10
  17. 2021Investigating Code-Mixed Modern Standard Arabic-Egyptian to English Machine Translationcited by 10
  18. 2022Textual Data Augmentation for Arabic-English Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 10
  19. 2024ZAEBUC-Spoken: A Multilingual Multidialectal Arabic-English Speech Corpuscited by 10
  20. 2019Part of speech tagging for code switched datacited by 9
  21. 2022CALCS 2021 Shared Task: Machine Translation for Code-Switched Datacited by 9
  22. 2022Investigating Lexical Replacements for Arabic-English Code-Switched Data Augmentationcited by 9
  23. 2022Speaker Anonymization with Phonetic Intermediate Representationscited by 9
  24. 2023Speech collage: code-switched audio generation by collaging monolingual corporacited by 9
  25. 2024From Human Judgements to Predictive Models: Unravelling Acceptability in Code-Mixed Sentencescited by 8
  26. 2022Exploring Segmentation Approaches for Neural Machine Translation of Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic-English Textcited by 7
  27. 2022Language-agnostic Code-Switching in Sequence-To-Sequence Speech Recognitioncited by 7
  28. 2019Code-switching Language Modeling With Bilingual Word Embeddings: A Case Study for Egyptian Arabic-Englishcited by 6
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  30. 2021Sexism detection: The first corpus in Algerian dialect with a code-switching in Arabic/ French and Englishcited by 5
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  32. 2021Switch Point biased Self-Training: Re-purposing Pretrained Models for Code-Switchingcited by 5
  33. 2024Cross-Lingual Transfer from Related Languages: Treating Low-Resource Maltese as Multilingual Code-Switchingcited by 5
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  36. 2019Leveraging Pretrained Word Embeddings for Part-of-Speech Tagging of Code Switching Datacited by 3
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  38. 2023Data Augmentation Techniques for Machine Translation of Code-Switched Texts: A Comparative Studycited by 3

50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 1.

5 papers.

  1. 2025Tell me Habibi, is it Real or Fake?cited by 6
  2. 2025MathMist: A Parallel Multilingual Benchmark Dataset for Mathematical Problem Solving and Reasoningcited by 6
  3. 2025Ara-HOPE: Human-Centric Post-Editing Evaluation for Dialectal Arabic to Modern Standard Arabic Translationcited by 2
  4. 2025The Impact of Code-switched Synthetic Data Quality is Task Dependent: Insights from MT and ASRcited by 1
  5. 2026A Comprehensive Analysis of Arabic Natural Language Processing Research: Trends, Topic Evolution, and Research Gaps -- A Bibliometric and Topic-Based Studycited by 0