Code-switching Language Modeling With Bilingual Word Embeddings: A Case Study for Egyptian Arabic-English
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Abstract (arXiv)
Code-switching (CS) is a widespread phenomenon among bilingual and multilingual societies. The lack of CS resources hinders the performance of many NLP tasks. In this work, we explore the potential use of bilingual word embeddings for code-switching (CS) language modeling (LM) in the low resource Egyptian Arabic-English language. We evaluate different state-of-the-art bilingual word embeddings approaches that require cross-lingual resources at different levels and propose an innovative but simple approach that jointly learns bilingual word representations without the use of any parallel data, relying only on monolingual and a small amount of CS data. While all representations improve CS LM, ours performs the best and improves perplexity 33.5% relative over the baseline.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 0; 2025: 1.
6 papers.
- 2021Investigations on Speech Recognition Systems for Low-Resource Dialectal Arabic-English Code-Switching Speechcited by 15
- 2022Investigating Lexical Replacements for Arabic-English Code-Switched Data Augmentationcited by 9
- 2023IndoRobusta: Towards Robustness Against Diverse Code-Mixed Indonesian Local Languagescited by 5
- 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 5
- 2021Predicting User Code-Switching Level from Sociological and Psychological Profilescited by 2
- 2022The Who in Code-Switching: A Case Study for Predicting Egyptian Arabic-English Code-Switching Levels based on Character Profilescited by 1
- 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions23 Jan 2025
- 2023IndoRobusta: Towards Robustness Against Diverse Code-Mixed Indonesian Local Languages21 Nov 2023
- 2022The Who in Code-Switching: A Case Study for Predicting Egyptian Arabic-English Code-Switching Levels based on Character Profiles31 Jul 2022
- 2022Investigating Lexical Replacements for Arabic-English Code-Switched Data Augmentation25 May 2022
- 2021Predicting User Code-Switching Level from Sociological and Psychological Profiles13 Dec 2021
- 2021Investigations on Speech Recognition Systems for Low-Resource Dialectal Arabic-English Code-Switching Speech29 Aug 2021