Anonymizing Speech with Generative Adversarial Networks to Preserve Speaker Privacy
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Abstract (arXiv)
In order to protect the privacy of speech data, speaker anonymization aims for hiding the identity of a speaker by changing the voice in speech recordings. This typically comes with a privacy-utility trade-off between protection of individuals and usability of the data for downstream applications. One of the challenges in this context is to create non-existent voices that sound as natural as possible. In this work, we propose to tackle this issue by generating speaker embeddings using a generative adversarial network with Wasserstein distance as cost function. By incorporating these artificial embeddings into a speech-to-text-to-speech pipeline, we outperform previous approaches in terms of privacy and utility. According to standard objective metrics and human evaluation, our approach generates intelligible and content-preserving yet privacy-protecting versions of the original recordings.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2022.
Builds on
27 of 44 references.
References · 27
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- 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,603
- 2017Improved Training of Wasserstein GANscited by 2,223
- 2020Conformer: Convolution-augmented Transformer for Speech Recognitioncited by 1,838
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- 2018VoxCeleb2: Deep Speaker Recognitioncited by 862
- 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
- 2017VoxCeleb: a large-scale speaker identification datasetcited by 714
- 2020FastSpeech 2: Fast and High-Quality End-to-End Text to Speechcited by 710
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15 more
- 2020Introducing the VoicePrivacy Initiativecited by 48
- 2020Speaker anonymisation using the McAdams coefficientcited by 38
- 2020Design Choices for X-vector Based Speaker Anonymizationcited by 27
- 2021Generative Adversarial Networks: A Survey Towards Private and Secure Applicationscited by 15
- 2020The 2020 ESPnet update: new features, broadened applications, performance improvements, and future planscited by 14
- 2022Language-Independent Speaker Anonymization Approach using Self-Supervised Pre-Trained Modelscited by 14
- 2020Adversarial Disentanglement of Speaker Representation for Attribute-Driven Privacy Preservationcited by 13
- 2022Improving speaker de-identification with functional data analysis of f0 trajectoriescited by 11
- 2021A Study of F0 Modification for X-Vector Based Speech Pseudonymization Across Gendercited by 9
- 2022Speaker Anonymization with Phonetic Intermediate Representationscited by 9
- 2020Speech Pseudonymisation Assessment Using Voice Similarity Matricescited by 8
- 2017VoiceMask: Anonymize and Sanitize Voice Input on Mobile Devicescited by 7
- 2022The VoicePrivacy 2020 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 6
- 2020Speaker Anonymization with Distribution-Preserving X-Vector Generation for the VoicePrivacy Challenge 2020cited by 5
- 2020Speaker De-identification System using Autoencoders and Adversarial Trainingcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 5; 2026: 8.
20 papers.
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- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 39
- 2024The Impact of Speech Anonymization on Pathology and Its Limitscited by 11
- 2024End-to-end streaming model for low-latency speech anonymizationcited by 9
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymizationcited by 8
- 2025DarkStream: real-time speech anonymization with low latencycited by 6
- 2024Probing the Feasibility of Multilingual Speaker Anonymizationcited by 5
- 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 5
- 2026Stream-Voice-Anon: Enhancing Utility of Real-Time Speaker Anonymization via Neural Audio Codec and Language Modelscited by 4
- 2026TVTSyn: Content-Synchronous Time-Varying Timbre for Streaming Voice Conversion and Anonymizationcited by 4
- 2023Vocoder drift compensation by x-vector alignment in speaker anonymisationcited by 1
- 2023Controllable Generation of Artificial Speaker Embeddings through Discovery of Principal Directionscited by 1
- 2025SEF-MK: Speaker-Embedding-Free Voice Anonymization through Multi-k-means Quantizationcited by 1
8 more
- 2025SegReConcat: A Data Augmentation Method for Voice Anonymization Attackcited by 1
- 2024Scenario of Use Scheme: Threat Model Specification for Speaker Privacy Protection in the Medical Domaincited by 0
- 2025Perceptual implications of automatic anonymization in pathological speechcited by 0
- 2026StreamVoiceAnon+: Emotion-Preserving Streaming Speaker Anonymization via Frame-Level Acoustic Distillationcited by 0
- 2026Privacy-Preserving End-to-End Full-Duplex Speech Dialogue Modelscited by 0
- 2026PHONOS: PHOnetic Neutralization for Online Streaming Applicationscited by 0
- 2026Anonymization, Not Elimination: Utility-Preserved Speech Anonymizationcited by 0
- 2026Your Voice Cloning System is Secretly a Voice Anonymizercited by 0
- 2026Your Voice Cloning System is Secretly a Voice Anonymizer27 Aug 2026
- 2026Anonymization, Not Elimination: Utility-Preserved Speech Anonymization18 Apr 2026
- 2026PHONOS: PHOnetic Neutralization for Online Streaming Applications27 Mar 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving End-to-End Full-Duplex Speech Dialogue Models9 Mar 2026
- 2026StreamVoiceAnon+: Emotion-Preserving Streaming Speaker Anonymization via Frame-Level Acoustic Distillation6 Mar 2026
- 2026TVTSyn: Content-Synchronous Time-Varying Timbre for Streaming Voice Conversion and Anonymization10 Feb 2026
- 2026Stream-Voice-Anon: Enhancing Utility of Real-Time Speaker Anonymization via Neural Audio Codec and Language Models20 Jan 2026
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymization17 Jan 2026
- 2025DarkStream: real-time speech anonymization with low latency4 Sep 2025
- 2025SegReConcat: A Data Augmentation Method for Voice Anonymization Attack26 Aug 2025
- 2025SEF-MK: Speaker-Embedding-Free Voice Anonymization through Multi-k-means Quantization9 Aug 2025
- 2025Perceptual implications of automatic anonymization in pathological speech1 May 2025
8 more
- 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions23 Jan 2025
- 2024Scenario of Use Scheme: Threat Model Specification for Speaker Privacy Protection in the Medical Domain24 Sep 2024
- 2024Probing the Feasibility of Multilingual Speaker Anonymization3 Jul 2024
- 2024End-to-end streaming model for low-latency speech anonymization13 Jun 2024
- 2024The Impact of Speech Anonymization on Pathology and Its Limits11 Apr 2024
- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plan3 Apr 2024
- 2023Controllable Generation of Artificial Speaker Embeddings through Discovery of Principal Directions26 Oct 2023
- 2023Vocoder drift compensation by x-vector alignment in speaker anonymisation17 Jul 2023
- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 39
- 2024The Impact of Speech Anonymization on Pathology and Its Limitscited by 11
- 2024End-to-end streaming model for low-latency speech anonymizationcited by 9
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymizationcited by 8
- 2025DarkStream: real-time speech anonymization with low latencycited by 6
- 2024Probing the Feasibility of Multilingual Speaker Anonymizationcited by 5
- 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 5
- 2026Stream-Voice-Anon: Enhancing Utility of Real-Time Speaker Anonymization via Neural Audio Codec and Language Modelscited by 4
- 2026TVTSyn: Content-Synchronous Time-Varying Timbre for Streaming Voice Conversion and Anonymizationcited by 4
- 2023Vocoder drift compensation by x-vector alignment in speaker anonymisationcited by 1
- 2023Controllable Generation of Artificial Speaker Embeddings through Discovery of Principal Directionscited by 1
- 2025SEF-MK: Speaker-Embedding-Free Voice Anonymization through Multi-k-means Quantizationcited by 1
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026Your Voice Cloning System is Secretly a Voice Anonymizer27 Aug 2026
- 2026Anonymization, Not Elimination: Utility-Preserved Speech Anonymization18 Apr 2026
- 2026PHONOS: PHOnetic Neutralization for Online Streaming Applications27 Mar 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving End-to-End Full-Duplex Speech Dialogue Models9 Mar 2026
- 2026StreamVoiceAnon+: Emotion-Preserving Streaming Speaker Anonymization via Frame-Level Acoustic Distillation6 Mar 2026
- 2026TVTSyn: Content-Synchronous Time-Varying Timbre for Streaming Voice Conversion and Anonymization10 Feb 2026
- 2026Stream-Voice-Anon: Enhancing Utility of Real-Time Speaker Anonymization via Neural Audio Codec and Language Models20 Jan 2026
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymization17 Jan 2026
- 2025DarkStream: real-time speech anonymization with low latency4 Sep 2025
- 2025SegReConcat: A Data Augmentation Method for Voice Anonymization Attack26 Aug 2025
- 2025SEF-MK: Speaker-Embedding-Free Voice Anonymization through Multi-k-means Quantization9 Aug 2025
- 2025Perceptual implications of automatic anonymization in pathological speech1 May 2025
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)