DeepPose: Human Pose Estimation via Deep Neural Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a method for human pose estimation based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). The pose estimation is formulated as a DNN-based regression problem towards body joints. We present a cascade of such DNN regressors which results in high precision pose estimates. The approach has the advantage of reasoning about pose in a holistic fashion and has a simple but yet powerful formulation which capitalizes on recent advances in Deep Learning. We present a detailed empirical analysis with state-of-art or better performance on four academic benchmarks of diverse real-world images.
Key facts. Cited by 305 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Dec 2013.
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Citing papers per year: 2020: 1; 2021: 76; 2022: 51; 2023: 49; 2024: 62; 2025: 48; 2026: 18.
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- 2021Perceiver IO: A General Architecture for Structured Inputs & Outputscited by 629
- 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 456
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 311
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
- 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPosecited by 175
- 2021Rethinking Counting and Localization in Crowds:A Purely Point-Based Frameworkcited by 152
- 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
- 2021Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation Via Disentangled Keypoint Regressioncited by 112
- 2022Not All Tokens Are Equal: Human-centric Visual Analysis via Token Clustering Transformercited by 101
- 2021Pose Recognition with Cascade Transformerscited by 99
- 2024Controllable Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Surveycited by 83
- 2021MobRecon: Mobile-Friendly Hand Mesh Reconstruction from Monocular Imagecited by 74
38 more
- 2021SimCC: a Simple Coordinate Classification Perspective for Human Pose Estimationcited by 68
- 2022ViTPose++: Vision Transformer for Generic Body Pose Estimationcited by 65
- 2026Ultralytics YOLO26: Unified Real-Time End-to-End Vision Modelscited by 57
- 2021OpenPifPaf: Composite Fields for Semantic Keypoint Detection and Spatio-Temporal Associationcited by 55
- 2021Online Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Pose Estimationcited by 55
- 2021Deep Dual Consecutive Network for Human Pose Estimationcited by 51
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 50
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Gait Recognition: Algorithms, Datasets and Challengescited by 45
- 2023Human Pose as Compositional Tokenscited by 45
- 2021Zero-shot Adversarial Quantizationcited by 44
- 2022Poseur: Direct Human Pose Regression with Transformerscited by 43
- 2021TFPose: Direct Human Pose Estimation with Transformerscited by 42
- 2023VCoder: Versatile Vision Encoders for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 42
- 2024M3GPT: An Advanced Multimodal, Multitask Framework for Motion Comprehension and Generationcited by 38
- 2022Pose for Everything: Towards Category-Agnostic Pose Estimationcited by 36
- 2021ADNet: Leveraging Error-Bias Towards Normal Direction in Face Alignmentcited by 34
- 2021Test-Time Personalization with a Transformer for Human Pose Estimationcited by 33
- 2022SkeletonMAE: Spatial-Temporal Masked Autoencoders for Self-supervised Skeleton Action Recognitioncited by 29
- 2022Regression as Classification: Influence of Task Formulation on Neural Network Featurescited by 29
- 2024EgoLM: Multi-Modal Language Model of Egocentric Motionscited by 28
- 2021GAIA: A Transfer Learning System of Object Detection that Fits Your Needscited by 27
- 2021Few-shot Keypoint Detection with Uncertainty Learning for Unseen Speciescited by 27
- 2022PPT: token-Pruned Pose Transformer for monocular and multi-view human pose estimationcited by 27
- 2023Human Pose Estimation in Extremely Low-Light Conditionscited by 27
- 2021Unsupervised Human Pose Estimation through Transforming Shape Templatescited by 26
- 2022Efficient Human Pose Estimation via 3D Event Point Cloudcited by 25
- 2022Temporal Feature Alignment and Mutual Information Maximization for Video-Based Human Pose Estimationcited by 24
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
- 2021NeuroGen: activation optimized image synthesis for discovery neurosciencecited by 22
- 20222D Human Pose Estimation: A Surveycited by 21
- 2025Referring to Any Personcited by 21
- 2021Rethinking Keypoint Representations: Modeling Keypoints and Poses as Objects for Multi-Person Human Pose Estimationcited by 20
- 2023A Method for Animating Children's Drawings of the Human Figurecited by 20
- 2023Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 20
- 2024RTMW: Real-Time Multi-Person 2D and 3D Whole-body Pose Estimationcited by 19
- 2023Mutual Information-Based Temporal Difference Learning for Human Pose Estimation in Videocited by 17
- 2024LocLLM: Exploiting Generalizable Human Keypoint Localization via Large Language Modelcited by 17
- 2022HiT-DVAE: Human Motion Generation via Hierarchical Transformer Dynamical VAEcited by 16
50 most cited of 305 All 305 (JSON)
- 2026A Black-Box Adversarial Attack on Human Pose Estimation and Keypoint-Based Action Recognition Models7 Sep 2026
- 2026FISICA: A Deployed Service for Plantar-Pressure and Posture Assessment with Ontology-Grounded Recommendation29 Aug 2026
- 2026UniFLM: United Segmentation and Measurement on Fetal Limb Ultrasonic Image27 Aug 2026
- 2026TSR-Ego: Temporally Guided Stereo Refinement Framework for Egocentric 3D Human Pose Estimation10 Jul 2026
- 2026Pose-to-Biomechanics: Bridging 3D Human Pose Estimation and Biomechanical Attribute Prediction9 Jul 2026
- 2026GKDT: General Keypoint Detection Transformer1 Jul 2026
- 2026ActionMap: Robot Policy Learning via Voxel Action Heatmap5 Jun 2026
- 2026Ultralytics YOLO26: Unified Real-Time End-to-End Vision Models2 Jun 2026
- 2026Composing People Together: Iterative Pose-Image Generation for Multi-Person Interaction Scenes22 May 2026
- 2026TouchMap-OR: Multi-View 3D Mapping of Hand-Surface Contacts17 May 2026
- 2026Fall Risk and Gait Analysis in Community-Dwelling Older Adults using World-Spaced 3D Human Mesh Recovery13 Apr 2026
- 2026MuPPet: Multi-person 2D-to-3D Pose Lifting8 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026SportSkills: Physical Skill Learning from Sports Instructional Videos26 Mar 2026
- 2026ER-Pose: Rethinking Keypoint-Driven Representation Learning for Real-Time Human Pose Estimation9 Mar 2026
- 2026Spectrum Shortage for Radio Sensing? Leveraging Ambient 5G Signals for Human Activity Detection3 Mar 2026
- 2026Superman: Unifying Skeleton and Vision for Human Motion Perception and Generation2 Feb 2026
- 2026BBoxMaskPose v2: Expanding Mutual Conditioning to 3D21 Jan 2026
- 2026RePose: A Real-Time 3D Human Pose Estimation and Biomechanical Analysis Framework for Rehabilitation2 Jan 2026
- 2025ClothHMR: 3D Mesh Recovery of Humans in Diverse Clothing from Single Image19 Dec 2025
- 2025LAPX: Lightweight Hourglass Network with Global Context18 Dec 2025
- 2025Reframing Music-Driven 2D Dance Pose Generation as Multi-Channel Image Generation12 Dec 2025
- 2025MoCapAnything: Unified 3D Motion Capture for Arbitrary Skeletons from Monocular Videos11 Dec 2025
- 2025UnCageNet: Tracking and Pose Estimation of Caged Animal8 Dec 2025
- 2025Exploiting Spatiotemporal Properties for Efficient Event-Driven Human Pose Estimation6 Dec 2025
- 2025Sign language recognition from skeletal data using graph and recurrent neural networks8 Nov 2025
- 2025RefTon: Reference person shot assist virtual Try-on2 Nov 2025
- 2025Sketch2PoseNet: Efficient and Generalized Sketch to 3D Human Pose Prediction30 Oct 2025
- 2025FootFormer: Estimating Stability from Visual Input22 Oct 2025
- 2025Talking Points: Describing and Localizing Pixels16 Oct 2025
- 2025Lightweight Facial Landmark Detection in Thermal Images via Multi-Level Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfer13 Oct 2025
- 2025SyncHuman: Synchronizing 2D and 3D Generative Models for Single-view Human Reconstruction9 Oct 2025
- 2025Paving the Way Towards Kinematic Assessment Using Monocular Video: A Preclinical Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Deep-Learning-Based 3D Human Pose Estimators Against Inertial Sensors in Daily Living Activities2 Oct 2025
- 2025Robust Fetal Pose Estimation across Gestational Ages via Cross-Population Augmentation15 Sep 2025
- 2025An End-to-End Framework for Video Multi-Person Pose Estimation1 Sep 2025
- 2025DroneKey: Drone 3D Pose Estimation in Image Sequences using Gated Key-representation and Pose-adaptive Learning25 Aug 2025
- 2025Deep Learning Enables Large-Scale Shape and Appearance Modeling in Total-Body DXA Imaging13 Aug 2025
- 2025Predictive Uncertainty for Runtime Assurance of a Real-Time Computer Vision-Based Landing System13 Aug 2025
- 2025FormCoach: Lift Smarter, Not Harder10 Aug 2025
- 2025Benchmarking pig detection and tracking under diverse and challenging conditions22 Jul 2025
- 2025KptLLM++: Towards Generic Keypoint Comprehension with Large Language Model15 Jul 2025
- 2025Joint angle based learning to refine kinematic human pose estimation15 Jul 2025
- 2025VST-Pose: A Velocity-Integrated Spatiotem-poral Attention Network for Human WiFi Pose Estimation13 Jul 2025
- 2025PoseLLM: Enhancing Language-Guided Human Pose Estimation with MLP Alignment12 Jul 2025
- 2025Doodle Your Keypoints: Sketch-Based Few-Shot Keypoint Detection10 Jul 2025
- 2025Geometric-Guided Few-Shot Dental Landmark Detection with Human-Centric Foundation Model7 Jul 2025
- 2025LMPNet for Weakly-supervised Keypoint Discovery3 Jul 2025
- 2025Heart rate and respiratory rate prediction from noisy real-world smartphone based on Deep Learning methods17 Jun 2025
- 2025Error-Guided Pose Augmentation: Enhancing Rehabilitation Exercise Assessment through Targeted Data Generation11 Jun 2025
- 2025LGM-Pose: A Lightweight Global Modeling Network for Real-time Human Pose Estimation5 Jun 2025
- 2025Pose Splatter: A 3D Gaussian Splatting Model for Quantifying Animal Pose and Appearance23 May 2025
50 newest of 305 All 305 (JSON)
- 2024Controllable Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Surveycited by 83
- 2024Diff-2-in-1: Bridging Generation and Dense Perception with Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2024AccDiffusion v2: Towards More Accurate Higher-Resolution Diffusion Extrapolationcited by 3
- 2025Sketch2PoseNet: Efficient and Generalized Sketch to 3D Human Pose Predictioncited by 2
- 2024Sprite Sheet Diffusion: Generate Game Character for Animationcited by 1
- 2025Sketch2PoseNet: Efficient and Generalized Sketch to 3D Human Pose Prediction30 Oct 2025
- 2024Sprite Sheet Diffusion: Generate Game Character for Animation4 Dec 2024
- 2024AccDiffusion v2: Towards More Accurate Higher-Resolution Diffusion Extrapolation3 Dec 2024
- 2024Diff-2-in-1: Bridging Generation and Dense Perception with Diffusion Models7 Nov 2024
- 2024Controllable Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Survey7 Mar 2024
- 2023VCoder: Versatile Vision Encoders for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 42
- 2024EgoLM: Multi-Modal Language Model of Egocentric Motionscited by 28
- 2024KptLLM: Unveiling the Power of Large Language Model for Keypoint Comprehensioncited by 5
- 2025KptLLM++: Towards Generic Keypoint Comprehension with Large Language Modelcited by 0
- 2025Talking Points: Describing and Localizing Pixelscited by 0
- 2025Talking Points: Describing and Localizing Pixels16 Oct 2025
- 2025KptLLM++: Towards Generic Keypoint Comprehension with Large Language Model15 Jul 2025
- 2024KptLLM: Unveiling the Power of Large Language Model for Keypoint Comprehension4 Nov 2024
- 2024EgoLM: Multi-Modal Language Model of Egocentric Motions26 Sep 2024
- 2023VCoder: Versatile Vision Encoders for Multimodal Large Language Models21 Dec 2023
- 2021Online Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Pose Estimationcited by 55
- 2024SDPose: Tokenized Pose Estimation via Circulation-Guide Self-Distillationcited by 1
- 2024Cross-Domain Knowledge Distillation for Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimationcited by 0
- 2025Lightweight Facial Landmark Detection in Thermal Images via Multi-Level Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfercited by 0
- 2025Lightweight Facial Landmark Detection in Thermal Images via Multi-Level Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfer13 Oct 2025
- 2024Cross-Domain Knowledge Distillation for Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimation19 May 2024
- 2024SDPose: Tokenized Pose Estimation via Circulation-Guide Self-Distillation4 Apr 2024
- 2021Online Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Pose Estimation4 Aug 2021
- 2021Perceiver IO: A General Architecture for Structured Inputs & Outputscited by 629
- 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 456
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 311
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
- 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPosecited by 175
- 2021Rethinking Counting and Localization in Crowds:A Purely Point-Based Frameworkcited by 152
- 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
- 2021Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation Via Disentangled Keypoint Regressioncited by 112
- 2022Not All Tokens Are Equal: Human-centric Visual Analysis via Token Clustering Transformercited by 101
- 2021Pose Recognition with Cascade Transformerscited by 99
- 2021MobRecon: Mobile-Friendly Hand Mesh Reconstruction from Monocular Imagecited by 74
- 2021SimCC: a Simple Coordinate Classification Perspective for Human Pose Estimationcited by 68
12 most cited of 285 All 285 (JSON)
- 2026A Black-Box Adversarial Attack on Human Pose Estimation and Keypoint-Based Action Recognition Models7 Sep 2026
- 2026FISICA: A Deployed Service for Plantar-Pressure and Posture Assessment with Ontology-Grounded Recommendation29 Aug 2026
- 2026UniFLM: United Segmentation and Measurement on Fetal Limb Ultrasonic Image27 Aug 2026
- 2026TSR-Ego: Temporally Guided Stereo Refinement Framework for Egocentric 3D Human Pose Estimation10 Jul 2026
- 2026Pose-to-Biomechanics: Bridging 3D Human Pose Estimation and Biomechanical Attribute Prediction9 Jul 2026
- 2026GKDT: General Keypoint Detection Transformer1 Jul 2026
- 2026Ultralytics YOLO26: Unified Real-Time End-to-End Vision Models2 Jun 2026
- 2026Composing People Together: Iterative Pose-Image Generation for Multi-Person Interaction Scenes22 May 2026
- 2026TouchMap-OR: Multi-View 3D Mapping of Hand-Surface Contacts17 May 2026
- 2026Fall Risk and Gait Analysis in Community-Dwelling Older Adults using World-Spaced 3D Human Mesh Recovery13 Apr 2026
- 2026MuPPet: Multi-person 2D-to-3D Pose Lifting8 Apr 2026
- 2026SportSkills: Physical Skill Learning from Sports Instructional Videos26 Mar 2026
12 newest of 285 All 285 (JSON)