T2S-GPT: Dynamic Vector Quantization for Autoregressive Sign Language Production from Text
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this work, we propose a two-stage sign language production (SLP) paradigm that first encodes sign language sequences into discrete codes and then autoregressively generates sign language from text based on the learned codebook. However, existing vector quantization (VQ) methods are fixed-length encodings, overlooking the uneven information density in sign language, which leads to under-encoding of important regions and over-encoding of unimportant regions. To address this issue, we propose a novel dynamic vector quantization (DVA-VAE) model that can dynamically adjust the encoding length based on the information density in sign language to achieve accurate and compact encoding. Then, a GPT-like model learns to generate code sequences and their corresponding durations from spoken language text. Extensive experiments conducted on the PHOENIX14T dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. To promote sign language research, we propose a new large German sign language dataset, PHOENIX-News, which contains 486 hours of sign language videos, audio, and transcription texts.Experimental analysis on PHOENIX-News shows that the performance of our model can be further improved by increasing the size of the training data. Our project homepage is https://t2sgpt-demo.yinaoxiong.cn.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2024.
Builds on
30 of 47 references.
References · 30
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
- 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,669
- 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,712
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
- 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,253
- 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,612
- 2019Generating Diverse High-Fidelity Images with VQ-VAE-2cited by 1,387
- 2018On the Continuity of Rotation Representations in Neural Networkscited by 1,214
- 2023T2M-GPT: Generating Human Motion from Textual Descriptions with Discrete Representationscited by 588
- 2020Sign Language Transformers: Joint End-to-end Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 256
- 2021Improving Sign Language Translation with Monolingual Data by Sign Back-Translationcited by 179
18 more
- 2020How2Sign: A Large-scale Multimodal Dataset for Continuous American Sign Languagecited by 173
- 2020Progressive Transformers for End-to-End Sign Language Productioncited by 120
- 2023YouTube-ASL: A Large-Scale, Open-Domain American Sign Language-English Parallel Corpuscited by 75
- 2022Open-Domain Sign Language Translation Learned from Online Videocited by 72
- 2018Neural Sign Language Translation based on Human Keypoint Estimationcited by 65
- 2022Signing at Scale: Learning to Co-Articulate Signs for Large-Scale Photo-Realistic Sign Language Productioncited by 61
- 2023Towards Accurate Image Coding: Improved Autoregressive Image Generation with Dynamic Vector Quantizationcited by 60
- 2020Hierarchical Quantized Autoencoderscited by 57
- 2020Adversarial Training for Multi-Channel Sign Language Productioncited by 57
- 2021Continuous 3D Multi-Channel Sign Language Production via Progressive Transformers and Mixture Density Networkscited by 50
- 2021Mixed SIGNals: Sign Language Production via a Mixture of Motion Primitivescited by 50
- 2023Neural Sign Actors: A diffusion model for 3D sign language production from textcited by 49
- 2022G2P-DDM: Generating Sign Pose Sequence from Gloss Sequence with Discrete Diffusion Modelcited by 38
- 2021Content4All Open Research Sign Language Translation Datasetscited by 30
- 2023SignDiff: Diffusion Model for American Sign Language Productioncited by 25
- 2023Sign Language Production with Latent Motion Transformercited by 13
- 2022Modeling Intensification for Sign Language Generation: A Computational Approachcited by 9
- 2022Non-Autoregressive Sign Language Production via Knowledge Distillationcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 10; 2026: 19.
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- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generatorcited by 21
- 2025Advanced Sign Language Video Generation with Compressed and Quantized Multi-Condition Tokenizationcited by 9
- 2025Meaningful Pose-Based Sign Language Evaluationcited by 6
- 2025Disentangle and Regularize: Sign Language Production with Articulator-Based Disentanglement and Channel-Aware Regularizationcited by 5
- 2026MaDiS: Taming Masked Diffusion Language Models for Sign Language Generationcited by 4
- 2025SignAligner: Harmonizing Complementary Pose Modalities for Coherent Sign Language Generationcited by 3
- 2025Stable Signer: Hierarchical Sign Language Generative Modelcited by 2
- 2026SignSparK: Efficient Multilingual Sign Language Production via Sparse Keyframe Learningcited by 2
- 2026M3T: Discrete Multi-Modal Motion Tokens for Sign Language Productioncited by 2
- 2025SIGNER: Temporally Grounded Sign Language Generation via Time-Resolved Conditioningcited by 1
- 2025Teach Me Sign: Stepwise Prompting LLM for Sign Language Productioncited by 1
- 2025Motion is the Choreographer: Learning Latent Pose Dynamics for Seamless Sign Language Generationcited by 1
18 more
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Productioncited by 1
- 2026BackTranslation2.0 -- A Linguistically Motivated Metric to Assess Sign Language Productioncited by 1
- 2025AutoSign: Direct Pose-to-Text Translation for Continuous Sign Language Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Towards Skeletal and Signer Noise Reduction in Sign Language Production via Quaternion-Based Pose Encoding and Contrastive Learningcited by 0
- 2026SignVerse-2M: A Two-Million-Clip Pose-Native Universe of 55+ Sign Languagescited by 0
- 2026Conditional Collapse in Sign Language Production: A Diagnostic and a Scaling Argumentcited by 0
- 2026Sign-Language Datasets at Scale: A Comprehensive Survey on Resources, Benchmarks, and Annotation Standardscited by 0
- 2026The Impact of VAE Design on Latent Pose Representations for Diffusion-based Sign Language Productioncited by 0
- 2026From Sign Language Generation to Humanoid Execution: Vision-Language Guided Retargeting with Collision Mitigationcited by 0
- 2026Bridging the Gap Between Semantics and Reconstruction:Unifying Sign Language Translation and Productioncited by 0
- 2026SignRR: Retrieve and Refine Real Motion for Sign Language Productioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond BLEU: A Case for Redefining Sign Language Translation Benchmarkscited by 0
- 2026SeRV: Semantic-Aligned Residual Vector Quantization for American Sign Language Generationcited by 0
- 2026SignGPT: Toward LLM-Mediated Sign Language Interaction through Gloss-Free Translation and Generationcited by 0
- 2026RoboSTAR: Next-Scale Autoregressive Sign Language Translation for Humanoid Robotscited by 0
- 2026Naturalness-guided Manifold Flow Matching for Sign Language Productioncited by 0
- 2026SignFLIP: A Unified Model for Sign Language Translation and Generation via Stage-wise Alignment at Scalecited by 0
- 2026Machine Translation for Sign Languagescited by 0
- 2026Machine Translation for Sign Languages1 Oct 2026
- 2026SignFLIP: A Unified Model for Sign Language Translation and Generation via Stage-wise Alignment at Scale28 Sep 2026
- 2026Naturalness-guided Manifold Flow Matching for Sign Language Production27 Sep 2026
- 2026RoboSTAR: Next-Scale Autoregressive Sign Language Translation for Humanoid Robots26 Sep 2026
- 2026SignGPT: Toward LLM-Mediated Sign Language Interaction through Gloss-Free Translation and Generation18 Sep 2026
- 2026SeRV: Semantic-Aligned Residual Vector Quantization for American Sign Language Generation4 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond BLEU: A Case for Redefining Sign Language Translation Benchmarks3 Sep 2026
- 2026SignRR: Retrieve and Refine Real Motion for Sign Language Production28 Aug 2026
- 2026Bridging the Gap Between Semantics and Reconstruction:Unifying Sign Language Translation and Production10 Aug 2026
- 2026From Sign Language Generation to Humanoid Execution: Vision-Language Guided Retargeting with Collision Mitigation20 Jul 2026
- 2026BackTranslation2.0 -- A Linguistically Motivated Metric to Assess Sign Language Production27 Jun 2026
- 2026The Impact of VAE Design on Latent Pose Representations for Diffusion-based Sign Language Production22 Jun 2026
18 more
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Production19 Jun 2026
- 2026Conditional Collapse in Sign Language Production: A Diagnostic and a Scaling Argument1 Jun 2026
- 2026SignVerse-2M: A Two-Million-Clip Pose-Native Universe of 55+ Sign Languages3 May 2026
- 2026Sign-Language Datasets at Scale: A Comprehensive Survey on Resources, Benchmarks, and Annotation Standards28 Apr 2026
- 2026M3T: Discrete Multi-Modal Motion Tokens for Sign Language Production24 Mar 2026
- 2026SignSparK: Efficient Multilingual Sign Language Production via Sparse Keyframe Learning11 Mar 2026
- 2026MaDiS: Taming Masked Diffusion Language Models for Sign Language Generation27 Jan 2026
- 2025Stable Signer: Hierarchical Sign Language Generative Model3 Dec 2025
- 2025Meaningful Pose-Based Sign Language Evaluation8 Oct 2025
- 2025Towards Skeletal and Signer Noise Reduction in Sign Language Production via Quaternion-Based Pose Encoding and Contrastive Learning20 Aug 2025
- 2025Motion is the Choreographer: Learning Latent Pose Dynamics for Seamless Sign Language Generation6 Aug 2025
- 2025AutoSign: Direct Pose-to-Text Translation for Continuous Sign Language Recognition26 Jul 2025
- 2025Teach Me Sign: Stepwise Prompting LLM for Sign Language Production15 Jul 2025
- 2025Advanced Sign Language Video Generation with Compressed and Quantized Multi-Condition Tokenization19 Jun 2025
- 2025SignAligner: Harmonizing Complementary Pose Modalities for Coherent Sign Language Generation13 Jun 2025
- 2025SIGNER: Temporally Grounded Sign Language Generation via Time-Resolved Conditioning9 Jun 2025
- 2025Disentangle and Regularize: Sign Language Production with Articulator-Based Disentanglement and Channel-Aware Regularization9 Apr 2025
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generator26 Nov 2024
- 2025Advanced Sign Language Video Generation with Compressed and Quantized Multi-Condition Tokenizationcited by 9
- 2026MaDiS: Taming Masked Diffusion Language Models for Sign Language Generationcited by 4
- 2026The Impact of VAE Design on Latent Pose Representations for Diffusion-based Sign Language Productioncited by 0
- 2026Naturalness-guided Manifold Flow Matching for Sign Language Productioncited by 0
- 2026Naturalness-guided Manifold Flow Matching for Sign Language Production27 Sep 2026
- 2026The Impact of VAE Design on Latent Pose Representations for Diffusion-based Sign Language Production22 Jun 2026
- 2026MaDiS: Taming Masked Diffusion Language Models for Sign Language Generation27 Jan 2026
- 2025Advanced Sign Language Video Generation with Compressed and Quantized Multi-Condition Tokenization19 Jun 2025
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generatorcited by 21
- 2025Meaningful Pose-Based Sign Language Evaluationcited by 6
- 2025Disentangle and Regularize: Sign Language Production with Articulator-Based Disentanglement and Channel-Aware Regularizationcited by 5
- 2025SignAligner: Harmonizing Complementary Pose Modalities for Coherent Sign Language Generationcited by 3
- 2025Stable Signer: Hierarchical Sign Language Generative Modelcited by 2
- 2026SignSparK: Efficient Multilingual Sign Language Production via Sparse Keyframe Learningcited by 2
- 2026M3T: Discrete Multi-Modal Motion Tokens for Sign Language Productioncited by 2
- 2025SIGNER: Temporally Grounded Sign Language Generation via Time-Resolved Conditioningcited by 1
- 2025Motion is the Choreographer: Learning Latent Pose Dynamics for Seamless Sign Language Generationcited by 1
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Productioncited by 1
- 2026BackTranslation2.0 -- A Linguistically Motivated Metric to Assess Sign Language Productioncited by 1
- 2025AutoSign: Direct Pose-to-Text Translation for Continuous Sign Language Recognitioncited by 0
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026Machine Translation for Sign Languages1 Oct 2026
- 2026SignFLIP: A Unified Model for Sign Language Translation and Generation via Stage-wise Alignment at Scale28 Sep 2026
- 2026RoboSTAR: Next-Scale Autoregressive Sign Language Translation for Humanoid Robots26 Sep 2026
- 2026SignGPT: Toward LLM-Mediated Sign Language Interaction through Gloss-Free Translation and Generation18 Sep 2026
- 2026SeRV: Semantic-Aligned Residual Vector Quantization for American Sign Language Generation4 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond BLEU: A Case for Redefining Sign Language Translation Benchmarks3 Sep 2026
- 2026SignRR: Retrieve and Refine Real Motion for Sign Language Production28 Aug 2026
- 2026Bridging the Gap Between Semantics and Reconstruction:Unifying Sign Language Translation and Production10 Aug 2026
- 2026From Sign Language Generation to Humanoid Execution: Vision-Language Guided Retargeting with Collision Mitigation20 Jul 2026
- 2026BackTranslation2.0 -- A Linguistically Motivated Metric to Assess Sign Language Production27 Jun 2026
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Production19 Jun 2026
- 2026Conditional Collapse in Sign Language Production: A Diagnostic and a Scaling Argument1 Jun 2026
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)
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- 2023Autoregressive Sign Language Production: A Gloss-Free Approach with Discrete Representations
- 2024LLMs are Good Sign Language Translators
- 2023Conditional Variational Autoencoder for Sign Language Translation with Cross-Modal Alignment
- 2025Hybrid Autoregressive-Diffusion Model for Real-Time Sign Language Production
- 2024MS2SL: Multimodal Spoken Data-Driven Continuous Sign Language Production
- 2026Q-BridgeNet: A Quantization Network for Cross-Lingual Sign Language Translation
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