mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

MMInA: Benchmarking Multihop Multimodal Internet Agents

arXiv 2404.09992 ↗First posted 15 Apr 2024cs.CV cs.AI cs.CLcited by 55

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Web, search, and research agents

Abstract (arXiv)

Autonomous embodied agents live on an Internet of multimedia websites. Can they hop around multimodal websites to complete complex user tasks? Existing benchmarks fail to assess them in a realistic, evolving environment for their embodiment across websites. To answer this question, we present MMInA, a multihop and multimodal benchmark to evaluate the embodied agents for compositional Internet tasks, with several appealing properties: 1) Evolving real-world multimodal websites. Our benchmark uniquely operates on evolving real-world websites, ensuring a high degree of realism and applicability to natural user tasks. Our data includes 1,050 human-written tasks covering various domains such as shopping and travel, with each task requiring the agent to extract multimodal information from web pages as observations autonomously; 2) Multihop web browsing. Our dataset features naturally compositional tasks that require information from or actions on multiple websites to solve, to assess long-range reasoning capabilities on web tasks; 3) Holistic evaluation. We propose a novel protocol for evaluating an agent's progress in completing multihop tasks. We experiment with both standalone (multimodal) language models and heuristic-based web agents. Extensive experiments demonstrate that while long-chain multihop web tasks are easy for humans, they remain challenging for state-of-the-art web agents. We identify that agents are more likely to fail on the early hops when solving tasks with more hops, which results in lower task success rates. To address this issue, we propose a simple memory augmentation approach that replays past action trajectories to reflect. Our method significantly improves the performance of both the single-hop and multihop web browsing abilities. Our code and data are available at github.com/shulin16/MMInA.

Key facts. Cited by 55 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Web, search, and research agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 41 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2024.

Builds on

41 of 50 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024WebVoyager: Building an End-to-End Web Agent with Large Multimodal Models25 Jan
  2. 2024GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Grounded3 Jan
  3. 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents25 Jul
  4. 2023Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Web9 Jun
  5. 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agents4 Jul

Other references · 36

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  3. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  4. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  5. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  6. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
  7. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
  8. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learningcited by 4,337
  9. 2021Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4,276
  10. 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,131
  11. 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,747
  12. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,175
24 more
  1. 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 2,997
  2. 2023Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Codecited by 2,105
  3. 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIscited by 1,302
  4. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agentscited by 1,211
  5. 2023GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistantscited by 1,084
  6. 2023CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agentscited by 692
  7. 2023DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasetscited by 635
  8. 2024SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agentscited by 553
  9. 2018VirtualHome: Simulating Household Activities via Programscited by 411
  10. 2023AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Userscited by 407
  11. 2024TravelPlanner: A Benchmark for Real-World Planning with Language Agentscited by 385
  12. 2022Pix2Struct: Screenshot Parsing as Pretraining for Visual Language Understandingcited by 360
  13. 2024Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perceptioncited by 283
  14. 2018Reinforcement Learning on Web Interfaces Using Workflow-Guided Explorationcited by 282
  15. 2023MIMIC-IT: Multi-Modal In-Context Instruction Tuningcited by 264
  16. 2023OpenAGI: When LLM Meets Domain Expertscited by 196
  17. 2024WebLINX: Real-World Website Navigation with Multi-Turn Dialoguecited by 177
  18. 2024OmniACT: A Dataset and Benchmark for Enabling Multimodal Generalist Autonomous Agents for Desktop and Webcited by 156
  19. 2021AndroidEnv: A Reinforcement Learning Platform for Androidcited by 90
  20. 2023BOLAA: Benchmarking and Orchestrating LLM-augmented Autonomous Agentscited by 83
  21. 2023ChatBridge: Bridging Modalities with Large Language Model as a Language Catalystcited by 64
  22. 2021Grounding Open-Domain Instructions to Automate Web Support Taskscited by 43
  23. 2024Dual-View Visual Contextualization for Web Navigationcited by 24
  24. 2024Improving Language Understanding from Screenshotscited by 14

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 13; 2025: 23; 2026: 19.

55 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2025UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agentscited by 584
  2. 2024AndroidWorld: A Dynamic Benchmarking Environment for Autonomous Agentscited by 450
  3. 2024AppWorld: A Controllable World of Apps and People for Benchmarking Interactive Coding Agentscited by 359
  4. 2025Memory in the Age of AI Agentscited by 285
  5. 2024Windows Agent Arena: Evaluating Multi-Modal OS Agents at Scalecited by 212
  6. 2024DigiRL: Training In-The-Wild Device-Control Agents with Autonomous Reinforcement Learningcited by 210
  7. 2025Survey on Evaluation of LLM-based Agentscited by 190
  8. 2025WebWalker: Benchmarking LLMs in Web Traversalcited by 171
  9. 2024Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Surveycited by 160
  10. 2024AssistantBench: Can Web Agents Solve Realistic and Time-Consuming Tasks?cited by 155
  11. 2024The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Researchcited by 152
  12. 2024Tree Search for Language Model Agentscited by 148
38 more
  1. 2025Evaluation and Benchmarking of LLM Agents: A Surveycited by 145
  2. 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agentscited by 61
  3. 2025WebEvolver: Enhancing Web Agent Self-Improvement with Coevolving World Modelcited by 56
  4. 2024MobileSafetyBench: Evaluating Safety of Autonomous Agents in Mobile Device Controlcited by 49
  5. 2024Multi-modal Agent Tuning: Building a VLM-Driven Agent for Efficient Tool Usagecited by 49
  6. 2024VideoWebArena: Evaluating Long Context Multimodal Agents with Video Understanding Web Taskscited by 43
  7. 2025DeepShop: A Benchmark for Deep Research Shopping Agentscited by 42
  8. 2024Evaluation Agent: Efficient and Promptable Evaluation Framework for Visual Generative Modelscited by 41
  9. 2025OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Usecited by 35
  10. 2025macOSWorld: A Multilingual Interactive Benchmark for GUI Agentscited by 31
  11. 2025WebChoreArena: Evaluating Web Browsing Agents on Realistic Tedious Web Taskscited by 29
  12. 2025OSWorld-MCP: Benchmarking MCP Tool Invocation In Computer-Use Agentscited by 25
  13. 2026Graph-based Agent Memory: Taxonomy, Techniques, and Applicationscited by 22
  14. 2025MobileWorldBench: Towards Semantic World Modeling For Mobile Agentscited by 18
  15. 2026Temporary Authority, Permanent Effects: Commit-Time Authorization for LLM Agentscited by 17
  16. 2025WebMMU: A Benchmark for Multimodal Multilingual Website Understanding and Code Generationcited by 16
  17. 2025WebCoT: Enhancing Web Agent Reasoning by Reconstructing Chain-of-Thought in Reflection, Branching, and Rollbackcited by 14
  18. 2024WebQuest: A Benchmark for Multimodal QA on Web Page Sequencescited by 12
  19. 2025Evolutionary Perspectives on the Evaluation of LLM-Based AI Agents: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 12
  20. 2025BrowserArena: Evaluating LLM Agents on Real-World Web Navigation Taskscited by 12
  21. 2026DynaWeb: Model-Based Reinforcement Learning of Web Agentscited by 12
  22. 2026Hybrid Self-evolving Structured Memory for GUI Agentscited by 12
  23. 2026UI-Voyager: A Self-Evolving GUI Agent Learning via Failed Experiencecited by 11
  24. 2026How Well Does Agent Development Reflect Real-World Work?cited by 10
  25. 2025PPTArena: A Benchmark for PowerPoint Editingcited by 9
  26. 2025In-Context Defense in Computer Agents: An Empirical Studycited by 8
  27. 2025EconWebArena: Benchmarking Autonomous Agents on Economic Tasks in Realistic Web Environmentscited by 8
  28. 2026AgenticShop: Benchmarking Agentic Product Curation for Personalized Web Shoppingcited by 6
  29. 2026WebForge: Breaking the Realism-Reproducibility-Scalability Trilemma in Browser Agent Benchmarkcited by 4
  30. 2025What Limits Agentic Systems Efficiency?cited by 3
  31. 2026Egocentric Co-Pilot: Web-Native Smart-Glasses Agents for Assistive Egocentric AIcited by 3
  32. 2026Mem-W: Latent Memory-Native GUI Agentscited by 3
  33. 2025Empowering Real-World: A Survey on the Technology, Practice, and Evaluation of LLM-driven Industry Agentscited by 2
  34. 2026FocusMem: Factorizing Content, Readout, and Trust in Latent GUI Memorycited by 2
  35. 2026Open Evaluation Agent: Efficient and Promptable Evaluation of Visual Generative Modelscited by 2
  36. 2025MATRIX: Multimodal Agent Tuning for Robust Tool-Use Reasoningcited by 1
  37. 2026Waking Up Blind: Cold-Start Optimization of Supervision-Free Agentic Trajectories for Grounded Visual Perceptioncited by 0
  38. 2026FIKA-Bench: From Fine-grained Recognition to Fine-Grained Knowledge Acquisitioncited by 0

50 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024VisualWebArena: Evaluating Multimodal Agents on Realistic Visual Web Tasks
  2. 2025REAL: Benchmarking Autonomous Agents on Deterministic Simulations of Real Websites
  3. 2025Embodied Web Agents: Bridging Physical-Digital Realms for Integrated Agent Intelligence
  4. 2025WebArxiv: A Reproducible Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal Web Agents on arXiv Tasks
  5. 2024OpenWebVoyager: Building Multimodal Web Agents via Iterative Real-World Exploration, Feedback and Optimization
  6. 2026CAP: A Scalable Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-Site Browser Agents with Complex Actions and Perception
  7. 2024AdaptAgent: Adapting Multimodal Web Agents with Few-Shot Learning from Human Demonstrations
  8. 2026PANDO: Efficient Multimodal AI Agents via Online Skill Distillation