mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

M2DA: Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer Incorporating Driver Attention for Autonomous Driving

arXiv 2403.12552 ↗First posted 19 Mar 2024cs.CV cs.AI cs.ROcited by 7

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture

Abstract (arXiv)

End-to-end autonomous driving has witnessed remarkable progress. However, the extensive deployment of autonomous vehicles has yet to be realized, primarily due to 1) inefficient multi-modal environment perception: how to integrate data from multi-modal sensors more efficiently; 2) non-human-like scene understanding: how to effectively locate and predict critical risky agents in traffic scenarios like an experienced driver. To overcome these challenges, in this paper, we propose a Multi-Modal fusion transformer incorporating Driver Attention (M2DA) for autonomous driving. To better fuse multi-modal data and achieve higher alignment between different modalities, a novel Lidar-Vision-Attention-based Fusion (LVAFusion) module is proposed. By incorporating driver attention, we empower the human-like scene understanding ability to autonomous vehicles to identify crucial areas within complex scenarios precisely and ensure safety. We conduct experiments on the CARLA simulator and achieve state-of-the-art performance with less data in closed-loop benchmarks. Source codes are available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/M2DA-4772.

Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 64 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2024.

Builds on

64 of 83 references.

Closest ancestors · 8

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023FusionAD: Multi-modality Fusion for Prediction and Planning Tasks of Autonomous Driving2 Aug
  2. 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving1 Aug
  3. 2023Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Models13 Jun
  4. 2023Think Twice before Driving: Towards Scalable Decoders for End-to-End Autonomous Driving10 May
  5. 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baseline16 Jun
  6. 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May
  7. 2022End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Semantic Depth Cloud Mapping and Multi-agent12 Apr
  8. 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Driving19 Apr

Other references · 56

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,579
  4. 2016SGDR: Stochastic Gradient Descent with Warm Restartscited by 4,993
  5. 2018MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottleneckscited by 4,773
  6. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  7. 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
  8. 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 721
  9. 2019PointPainting: Sequential Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 449
  10. 2020U2-Net: Going Deeper with Nested U-Structure for Salient Object Detectioncited by 410
  11. 2018ChauffeurNet: Learning to Drive by Imitating the Best and Synthesizing the Worstcited by 391
  12. 2019Learning by Cheatingcited by 361
38 more
  1. 2019Exploring the Limitations of Behavior Cloning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 343
  2. 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
  3. 2017Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregationcited by 325
  4. 2020Deep Continuous Fusion for Multi-Sensor 3D Object Detectioncited by 263
  5. 2020Fast and Furious: Real Time End-to-End 3D Detection, Tracking and Motion Forecasting with a Single Convolutional Netcited by 228
  6. 2020Multi-scale Interactive Network for Salient Object Detectioncited by 212
  7. 2022Safety-Enhanced Autonomous Driving Using Interpretable Sensor Fusion Transformercited by 211
  8. 2020Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 203
  9. 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coachcited by 191
  10. 2019PRECOG: PREdiction Conditioned On Goals in Visual Multi-Agent Settingscited by 178
  11. 2021NEAT: Neural Attention Fields for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 174
  12. 2019End-to-End Multi-View Fusion for 3D Object Detection in LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 171
  13. 2021IntentNet: Learning to Predict Intention from Raw Sensor Datacited by 158
  14. 2022Model-Based Imitation Learning for Urban Drivingcited by 149
  15. 2019End-to-End Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Urban Driving using Implicit Affordancescited by 147
  16. 2020PnPNet: End-to-End Perception and Prediction with Tracking in the Loopcited by 143
  17. 2020Can Autonomous Vehicles Identify, Recover From, and Adapt to Distribution Shifts?cited by 139
  18. 2022Learning from All Vehiclescited by 135
  19. 2021DS-TransUNet:Dual Swin Transformer U-Net for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 126
  20. 2021Learning to drive from a world on railscited by 114
  21. 2019Multimodal End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 110
  22. 2022PlanT: Explainable Planning Transformers via Object-Level Representationscited by 105
  23. 2019Spatially-Aware Graph Neural Networks for Relational Behavior Forecasting from Sensor Datacited by 104
  24. 2020Interpretable End-to-end Urban Autonomous Driving with Latent Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 99
  25. 2023ReasonNet: End-to-End Driving with Temporal and Global Reasoningcited by 92
  26. 2017Predicting the Driver's Focus of Attention: the DR(eye)VE Projectcited by 79
  27. 2020Unified Image and Video Saliency Modelingcited by 74
  28. 2018Conditional Affordance Learning for Driving in Urban Environmentscited by 70
  29. 2020Fighting Copycat Agents in Behavioral Cloning from Observation Historiescited by 70
  30. 2022Pyramid Grafting Network for One-Stage High Resolution Saliency Detectioncited by 63
  31. 2017Predicting Driver Attention in Critical Situationscited by 61
  32. 2019DADA-2000: Can Driving Accident be Predicted by Driver Attention? Analyzed by A Benchmarkcited by 57
  33. 2018Semi-parametric Image Synthesiscited by 50
  34. 2019Sensor Fusion for Joint 3D Object Detection and Semantic Segmentationcited by 48
  35. 2020Multi-View Fusion of Sensor Data for Improved Perception and Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 41
  36. 2019Monocular Plan View Networks for Autonomous Drivingcited by 37
  37. 2020Label Efficient Visual Abstractions for Autonomous Drivingcited by 33
  38. 2020MultiXNet: Multiclass Multistage Multimodal Motion Predictioncited by 31

50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.

7 papers.

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  1. 2022MMFN: Multi-Modal-Fusion-Net for End-to-End Driving
  2. 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehicles
  3. 2024MaskFuser: Masked Fusion of Joint Multi-Modal Tokenization for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
  4. 2024DeepInteraction++: Multi-Modality Interaction for Autonomous Driving
  5. 2025MMDrive: Interactive Scene Understanding Beyond Vision with Multi-representational Fusion
  6. 2025VLM-E2E: Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Multimodal Driver Attention Fusion
  7. 2021OPV2V: An Open Benchmark Dataset and Fusion Pipeline for Perception with Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication
  8. 2023Cognitive TransFuser: Semantics-guided Transformer-based Sensor Fusion for Improved Waypoint Prediction