Multi-View Fusion of Sensor Data for Improved Perception and Prediction in Autonomous Driving
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present an end-to-end method for object detection and trajectory prediction utilizing multi-view representations of LiDAR returns and camera images. In this work, we recognize the strengths and weaknesses of different view representations, and we propose an efficient and generic fusing method that aggregates benefits from all views. Our model builds on a state-of-the-art Bird's-Eye View (BEV) network that fuses voxelized features from a sequence of historical LiDAR data as well as rasterized high-definition map to perform detection and prediction tasks. We extend this model with additional LiDAR Range-View (RV) features that use the raw LiDAR information in its native, non-quantized representation. The RV feature map is projected into BEV and fused with the BEV features computed from LiDAR and high-definition map. The fused features are then further processed to output the final detections and trajectories, within a single end-to-end trainable network. In addition, the RV fusion of LiDAR and camera is performed in a straightforward and computationally efficient manner using this framework. The proposed multi-view fusion approach improves the state-of-the-art on proprietary large-scale real-world data collected by a fleet of self-driving vehicles, as well as on the public nuScenes data set with minimal increases on the computational cost.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 13; 2025: 8; 2026: 1.
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- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
- 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
- 2023Recent Advancements in End-to-End Autonomous Driving using Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 101
- 2021Exploring Adversarial Robustness of Multi-Sensor Perception Systems in Self Drivingcited by 45
- 2022SuperFusion: Multilevel LiDAR-Camera Fusion for Long-Range HD Map Generationcited by 39
- 2021Learning by Watchingcited by 22
- 2021MVFuseNet: Improving End-to-End Object Detection and Motion Forecasting through Multi-View Fusion of LiDAR Datacited by 18
- 2024Prompting Multi-Modal Tokens to Enhance End-to-End Autonomous Driving Imitation Learning with LLMscited by 13
- 2023Deep Transfer Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Perception: a Surveycited by 10
- 2023VT-Former: An Exploratory Study on Vehicle Trajectory Prediction for Highway Surveillance through Graph Isomorphism and Transformercited by 10
29 more
- 2022Depth Estimation Matters Most: Improving Per-Object Depth Estimation for Monocular 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
- 2024MGMapNet: Multi-Granularity Representation Learning for End-to-End Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 9
- 2023Constraining Depth Map Geometry for Multi-View Stereo: A Dual-Depth Approach with Saddle-shaped Depth Cellscited by 8
- 2024MoST: Multi-modality Scene Tokenization for Motion Predictioncited by 8
- 2024M2DA: Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer Incorporating Driver Attention for Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
- 2024Joint Perception and Prediction for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 7
- 2024Fine-grained Image-to-LiDAR Contrastive Distillation with Visual Foundation Modelscited by 5
- 2024Robust Long-Range Perception Against Sensor Misalignment in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 5
- 2024RopeBEV: A Multi-Camera Roadside Perception Network in Bird's-Eye-Viewcited by 5
- 2025Divide and Merge: Motion and Semantic Learning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2021Investigating the Effect of Sensor Modalities in Multi-Sensor Detection-Prediction Modelscited by 3
- 2024MaskFuser: Masked Fusion of Joint Multi-Modal Tokenization for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2024Is Contrastive Distillation Enough for Learning Comprehensive 3D Representations?cited by 3
- 2023What Matters to Enhance Traffic Rule Compliance of Imitation Learning for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2024SpotNet: An Image Centric, Lidar Anchored Approach To Long Range Perceptioncited by 2
- 2025Robust sensor fusion against on-vehicle sensor stalenesscited by 2
- 2025Ego-centric Learning of Communicative World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2022Exploring Contextual Representation and Multi-Modality for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2023A survey on deep learning approaches for data integration in autonomous driving systemcited by 1
- 2023LeTFuser: Light-weight End-to-end Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving with Multi-Task Learningcited by 1
- 2024Unsupervised discovery of the shared and private geometry in multi-view datacited by 1
- 2025To New Beginnings: A Survey of Unified Perception in Autonomous Vehicle Softwarecited by 1
- 2025GTA-Crime: A Synthetic Dataset and Generation Framework for Fatal Violence Detection with Adversarial Snippet-Level Domain Adaptationcited by 1
- 2025MAVR-Net: Robust Multi-View Learning for MAV Action Recognition with Cross-View Attentioncited by 1
- 2023Semantic and Articulated Pedestrian Sensing Onboard a Moving Vehiclecited by 0
- 2024What Matters in Range View 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Adversarial Graph Fusion for Incomplete Multi-view Semi-supervised Learning with Tensorial Imputationcited by 0
- 2026BEVLM: Distilling Semantic Knowledge from LLMs into Bird's-Eye View Representationscited by 0
- 2026BEVLM: Distilling Semantic Knowledge from LLMs into Bird's-Eye View Representations6 Mar 2026
- 2025Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Driving7 Dec 2025
- 2025MAVR-Net: Robust Multi-View Learning for MAV Action Recognition with Cross-View Attention17 Oct 2025
- 2025Adversarial Graph Fusion for Incomplete Multi-view Semi-supervised Learning with Tensorial Imputation19 Sep 2025
- 2025GTA-Crime: A Synthetic Dataset and Generation Framework for Fatal Violence Detection with Adversarial Snippet-Level Domain Adaptation10 Sep 2025
- 2025To New Beginnings: A Survey of Unified Perception in Autonomous Vehicle Software28 Aug 2025
- 2025Ego-centric Learning of Communicative World Models for Autonomous Driving9 Jun 2025
- 2025Robust sensor fusion against on-vehicle sensor staleness6 Jun 2025
- 2025Divide and Merge: Motion and Semantic Learning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Feb 2025
- 2024Joint Perception and Prediction for Autonomous Driving: A Survey18 Dec 2024
- 2024Is Contrastive Distillation Enough for Learning Comprehensive 3D Representations?12 Dec 2024
- 2024MGMapNet: Multi-Granularity Representation Learning for End-to-End Vectorized HD Map Construction10 Oct 2024
29 more
- 2024RopeBEV: A Multi-Camera Roadside Perception Network in Bird's-Eye-View18 Sep 2024
- 2024Unsupervised discovery of the shared and private geometry in multi-view data22 Aug 2024
- 2024Robust Long-Range Perception Against Sensor Misalignment in Autonomous Vehicles20 Aug 2024
- 2024What Matters in Range View 3D Object Detection23 Jul 2024
- 2024SpotNet: An Image Centric, Lidar Anchored Approach To Long Range Perception24 May 2024
- 2024Fine-grained Image-to-LiDAR Contrastive Distillation with Visual Foundation Models23 May 2024
- 2024MaskFuser: Masked Fusion of Joint Multi-Modal Tokenization for End-to-End Autonomous Driving13 May 2024
- 2024MoST: Multi-modality Scene Tokenization for Motion Prediction30 Apr 2024
- 2024Prompting Multi-Modal Tokens to Enhance End-to-End Autonomous Driving Imitation Learning with LLMs7 Apr 2024
- 2024M2DA: Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer Incorporating Driver Attention for Autonomous Driving19 Mar 2024
- 2023VT-Former: An Exploratory Study on Vehicle Trajectory Prediction for Highway Surveillance through Graph Isomorphism and Transformer11 Nov 2023
- 2023LeTFuser: Light-weight End-to-end Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving with Multi-Task Learning19 Oct 2023
- 2023What Matters to Enhance Traffic Rule Compliance of Imitation Learning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving14 Sep 2023
- 2023Semantic and Articulated Pedestrian Sensing Onboard a Moving Vehicle12 Sep 2023
- 2023Constraining Depth Map Geometry for Multi-View Stereo: A Dual-Depth Approach with Saddle-shaped Depth Cells18 Jul 2023
- 2023Recent Advancements in End-to-End Autonomous Driving using Deep Learning: A Survey10 Jul 2023
- 2023Deep Transfer Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Perception: a Survey26 Jun 2023
- 2023A survey on deep learning approaches for data integration in autonomous driving system17 Jun 2023
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Driving20 Dec 2022
- 2022SuperFusion: Multilevel LiDAR-Camera Fusion for Long-Range HD Map Generation28 Nov 2022
- 2022Exploring Contextual Representation and Multi-Modality for End-to-End Autonomous Driving13 Oct 2022
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learning15 Jul 2022
- 2022Depth Estimation Matters Most: Improving Per-Object Depth Estimation for Monocular 3D Detection and Tracking8 Jun 2022
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May 2022
- 2021Learning by Watching10 Jun 2021
- 2021MVFuseNet: Improving End-to-End Object Detection and Motion Forecasting through Multi-View Fusion of LiDAR Data21 Apr 2021
- 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Driving19 Apr 2021
- 2021Exploring Adversarial Robustness of Multi-Sensor Perception Systems in Self Driving17 Jan 2021
- 2021Investigating the Effect of Sensor Modalities in Multi-Sensor Detection-Prediction Models9 Jan 2021
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
- 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
- 2023Recent Advancements in End-to-End Autonomous Driving using Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 101
- 2021Learning by Watchingcited by 22
- 2024Prompting Multi-Modal Tokens to Enhance End-to-End Autonomous Driving Imitation Learning with LLMscited by 13
- 2024M2DA: Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer Incorporating Driver Attention for Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
- 2025Divide and Merge: Motion and Semantic Learning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2024MaskFuser: Masked Fusion of Joint Multi-Modal Tokenization for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2023What Matters to Enhance Traffic Rule Compliance of Imitation Learning for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2022Exploring Contextual Representation and Multi-Modality for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2025Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Driving7 Dec 2025
- 2025Divide and Merge: Motion and Semantic Learning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Feb 2025
- 2024MaskFuser: Masked Fusion of Joint Multi-Modal Tokenization for End-to-End Autonomous Driving13 May 2024
- 2024Prompting Multi-Modal Tokens to Enhance End-to-End Autonomous Driving Imitation Learning with LLMs7 Apr 2024
- 2024M2DA: Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer Incorporating Driver Attention for Autonomous Driving19 Mar 2024
- 2023LeTFuser: Light-weight End-to-end Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving with Multi-Task Learning19 Oct 2023
- 2023What Matters to Enhance Traffic Rule Compliance of Imitation Learning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving14 Sep 2023
- 2023Recent Advancements in End-to-End Autonomous Driving using Deep Learning: A Survey10 Jul 2023
- 2022Exploring Contextual Representation and Multi-Modality for End-to-End Autonomous Driving13 Oct 2022
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learning15 Jul 2022
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May 2022
- 2021Learning by Watching10 Jun 2021
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2021Exploring Adversarial Robustness of Multi-Sensor Perception Systems in Self Drivingcited by 45
- 2022SuperFusion: Multilevel LiDAR-Camera Fusion for Long-Range HD Map Generationcited by 39
- 2021MVFuseNet: Improving End-to-End Object Detection and Motion Forecasting through Multi-View Fusion of LiDAR Datacited by 18
- 2023Deep Transfer Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Perception: a Surveycited by 10
- 2023VT-Former: An Exploratory Study on Vehicle Trajectory Prediction for Highway Surveillance through Graph Isomorphism and Transformercited by 10
- 2022Depth Estimation Matters Most: Improving Per-Object Depth Estimation for Monocular 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
- 2024MGMapNet: Multi-Granularity Representation Learning for End-to-End Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 9
- 2023Constraining Depth Map Geometry for Multi-View Stereo: A Dual-Depth Approach with Saddle-shaped Depth Cellscited by 8
- 2024MoST: Multi-modality Scene Tokenization for Motion Predictioncited by 8
- 2024Joint Perception and Prediction for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 7
- 2024Fine-grained Image-to-LiDAR Contrastive Distillation with Visual Foundation Modelscited by 5
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026BEVLM: Distilling Semantic Knowledge from LLMs into Bird's-Eye View Representations6 Mar 2026
- 2025MAVR-Net: Robust Multi-View Learning for MAV Action Recognition with Cross-View Attention17 Oct 2025
- 2025Adversarial Graph Fusion for Incomplete Multi-view Semi-supervised Learning with Tensorial Imputation19 Sep 2025
- 2025GTA-Crime: A Synthetic Dataset and Generation Framework for Fatal Violence Detection with Adversarial Snippet-Level Domain Adaptation10 Sep 2025
- 2025To New Beginnings: A Survey of Unified Perception in Autonomous Vehicle Software28 Aug 2025
- 2025Robust sensor fusion against on-vehicle sensor staleness6 Jun 2025
- 2024Joint Perception and Prediction for Autonomous Driving: A Survey18 Dec 2024
- 2024Is Contrastive Distillation Enough for Learning Comprehensive 3D Representations?12 Dec 2024
- 2024MGMapNet: Multi-Granularity Representation Learning for End-to-End Vectorized HD Map Construction10 Oct 2024
- 2024RopeBEV: A Multi-Camera Roadside Perception Network in Bird's-Eye-View18 Sep 2024
- 2024Unsupervised discovery of the shared and private geometry in multi-view data22 Aug 2024
- 2024Robust Long-Range Perception Against Sensor Misalignment in Autonomous Vehicles20 Aug 2024
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)